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Anomaly Detection (AD) focuses on identifying unusual behaviors in complex datasets. Machine Learning (ML) algorithms and Decision Support Systems (DSSs) provide effective solutions for AD, but detecting anomalies alone may not be enough,…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-10-10 Alessio Arcudi , Davide Frizzo , Chiara Masiero , Gian Antonio Susto

Functional Isolation Forest (FIF) is a recent state-of-the-art Anomaly Detection (AD) algorithm designed for functional data. It relies on a tree partition procedure where an abnormality score is computed by projecting each curve…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-02-26 Marta Campi , Guillaume Staerman , Gareth W. Peters , Tomoko Matsui

Anomaly Detection is an unsupervised learning task aimed at detecting anomalous behaviours with respect to historical data. In particular, multivariate Anomaly Detection has an important role in many applications thanks to the capability of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-07-14 Mattia Carletti , Matteo Terzi , Gian Antonio Susto

For the purpose of monitoring the behavior of complex infrastructures (e.g. aircrafts, transport or energy networks), high-rate sensors are deployed to capture multivariate data, generally unlabeled, in quasi continuous-time to detect…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-10-10 Guillaume Staerman , Pavlo Mozharovskyi , Stephan Clémençon , Florence d'Alché-Buc

The detection of anomalous behaviours is an emerging need in many applications, particularly in contexts where security and reliability are critical aspects. While the definition of anomaly strictly depends on the domain framework, it is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-07-11 Elisa Marcelli , Tommaso Barbariol , Gian Antonio Susto

Compared to theoretical frameworks that assume equal sensitivity to deviations in all features of data, the theory of anomaly detection allowing for variable sensitivity across features is less developed. To the best of our knowledge, this…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-02-11 Illia Donhauzer

Shared mobility systems, such as bike-sharing networks, play a crucial role in urban transportation. Identifying anomalies in these systems is essential for optimizing operations, improving service reliability, and enhancing user…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-22 Elnur Isgandarov , Matteo Cederle , Federico Chiariotti , Gian Antonio Susto

Recently, federated learning frameworks such as Python TestBed for Federated Learning Algorithms and MicroPython TestBed for Federated Learning Algorithms have emerged to tackle user privacy concerns and efficiency in embedded systems. Even…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-05 Pavle Vasiljevic , Milica Matic , Miroslav Popovic

Anomaly Detection (AD) is crucial in industrial settings to streamline operations by detecting underlying issues. Conventional methods merely label observations as normal or anomalous, lacking crucial insights. In Industry 5.0,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-03 Davide Frizzo , Francesco Borsatti , Alessio Arcudi , Antonio De Moliner , Roberto Oboe , Gian Antonio Susto

From the identification of a drawback in the Isolation Forest (IF) algorithm that limits its use in the scope of anomaly detection, we propose two extensions that allow to firstly overcome the previously mention limitation and secondly to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-10-30 Pierre-François Marteau , Saeid Soheily-Khah , Nicolas Béchet

Anomaly detection is concerned with identifying examples in a dataset that do not conform to the expected behaviour. While a vast amount of anomaly detection algorithms exist, little attention has been paid to explaining why these…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-14 Nirmal Sobha Kartha , Clément Gautrais , Vincent Vercruyssen

We present an extension to the model-free anomaly detection algorithm, Isolation Forest. This extension, named Extended Isolation Forest (EIF), resolves issues with assignment of anomaly score to given data points. We motivate the problem…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-07-09 Sahand Hariri , Matias Carrasco Kind , Robert J. Brunner

In this paper, we propose DiFF-RF, an ensemble approach composed of random partitioning binary trees to detect point-wise and collective (as well as contextual) anomalies. Thanks to a distance-based paradigm used at the leaves of the trees,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-01-15 Pierre-Francois Marteau

We address the problem of detecting anomalies with respect to structured patterns. To this end, we conceive a novel anomaly detection method called PIF, that combines the advantages of adaptive isolation methods with the flexibility of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-16 Filippo Leveni , Luca Magri , Giacomo Boracchi , Cesare Alippi

A new modification of Isolation Forest called Attention-Based Isolation Forest (ABIForest) for solving the anomaly detection problem is proposed. It incorporates the attention mechanism in the form of the Nadaraya-Watson regression into the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-07 Lev V. Utkin , Andrey Y. Ageev , Andrei V. Konstantinov

Isolation forest (iForest) has been emerging as arguably the most popular anomaly detector in recent years due to its general effectiveness across different benchmarks and strong scalability. Nevertheless, its linear axis-parallel isolation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-12 Hongzuo Xu , Guansong Pang , Yijie Wang , Yongjun Wang

Anomaly detection plays an increasingly important role in various fields for critical tasks such as intrusion detection in cybersecurity, financial risk detection, and human health monitoring. A variety of anomaly detection methods have…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-26 Haolong Xiang , Xuyun Zhang , Hongsheng Hu , Lianyong Qi , Wanchun Dou , Mark Dras , Amin Beheshti , Xiaolong Xu

Cybersecurity has recently gained considerable interest in today's security issues because of the popularity of the Internet-of-Things (IoT), the considerable growth of mobile networks, and many related apps. Therefore, detecting numerous…

We address the problem of detecting anomalies as samples that do not conform to structured patterns represented by low-dimensional manifolds. To this end, we conceive a general anomaly detection framework called Preference Isolation Forest…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-19 Filippo Leveni , Luca Magri , Cesare Alippi , Giacomo Boracchi

The detection of rare and hazardous driving scenarios is a critical challenge for ensuring the safety and reliability of autonomous systems. This research explores an unsupervised learning framework for detecting rare and extreme driving…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Dat Le , Thomas Manhardt , Moritz Venator , Johannes Betz
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