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The ZX-Calculus is a graphical language for quantum mechanics. An axiomatisation has recently been proven to be complete for an approximatively universal fragment of quantum mechanics, the so-called Clifford+T fragment. We focus here on the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-02-26 Emmanuel Jeandel , Simon Perdrix , Renaud Vilmart

The ZX-Calculus is a graphical language for diagrammatic reasoning in quantum mechanics and quantum information theory. It comes equipped with an equational presentation. We focus here on a very important property of the language:…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-06-22 Emmanuel Jeandel , Simon Perdrix , Renaud Vilmart

Different graphical calculi have been proposed to represent quantum computation. First the ZX- calculus [4], followed by the ZW-calculus [12] and then the ZH-calculus [1]. We can wonder if new Z*-calculi will continue to be proposed…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2020-08-11 Titouan Carette , Emmanuel Jeandel

Tensor networks provide a natural language for non-invertible symmetries in general Hamiltonian lattice models. We use ZX-diagrams, which are tensor network presentations of quantum circuits, to define a non-invertible operator implementing…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-28 Pranay Gorantla , Shu-Heng Shao , Nathanan Tantivasadakarn

ZX-calculus is a graphical language for quantum computing which is complete in the sense that calculation in matrices can be done in a purely diagrammatic way. However, all previous universally complete axiomatisations of ZX-calculus have…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-09-07 Quanlong Wang

String diagrams turn algebraic equations into topological moves that have recurring shapes, involving the sliding of one diagram past another. We individuate, at the root of this fact, the dual nature of polygraphs as presentations of…

Category Theory · Mathematics 2017-09-28 Amar Hadzihasanovic

From Feynman diagrams to tensor networks, diagrammatic representations of computations in quantum mechanics have catalysed progress in physics. These diagrams represent the underlying mathematical operations and aid physical interpretation,…

Other Condensed Matter · Physics 2022-01-11 Richard D. P. East , John van de Wetering , Nicholas Chancellor , Adolfo G. Grushin

The stabilizer ZX-calculus is a rigorous graphical language for reasoning about quantum mechanics. The language is sound and complete: one can transform a stabilizer ZX-diagram into another one using the graphical rewrite rules if and only…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-06-22 Miriam Backens , Simon Perdrix , Quanlong Wang

This article presents a novel algorithmic methodology for performing automated diagrammatic deductions over combinatorial structures, using a combination of modified equational theorem-proving techniques and the extended Wolfram model…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2021-03-31 Jonathan Gorard , Manojna Namuduri , Xerxes D. Arsiwalla

The ZX-calculus is a powerful diagrammatic language for quantum mechanics and quantum information processing. We prove that its \pi/4-fragment is not complete, in other words the ZX-calculus is not complete for the so called "Clifford+T…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-10-11 Simon Perdrix , Quanlong Wang

While the ZX and ZW calculi have been effective as graphical reasoning tools for finite-dimensional quantum computation, the possibilities for continuous-variable quantum computation (CVQC) in infinite-dimensional Hilbert space are only…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-06-06 Razin A. Shaikh , Lia Yeh , Stefano Gogioso

The ZX-calculus is a graphical calculus for reasoning about quantum systems and processes. It is known to be universal for pure state qubit quantum mechanics, meaning any pure state, unitary operation and post-selected pure projective…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-09-22 Miriam Backens

We present a completely new approach to quantum circuit optimisation, based on the ZX-calculus. We first interpret quantum circuits as ZX-diagrams, which provide a flexible, lower-level language for describing quantum computations…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-07-01 Ross Duncan , Aleks Kissinger , Simon Perdrix , John van de Wetering

The "Spinors" software is a "Mathematica" package which implements 2-component spinor calculus as devised by Penrose for General Relativity in dimension 3+1. The "Spinors" software is part of the "xAct" system, which is a collection of…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2015-05-30 Alfonso García-Parrado Gómez-Lobo , José M. Martín-García

Quantum computations are easily represented in the graphical notation known as the ZX-calculus, a.k.a. the red-green calculus. We demonstrate its use in reasoning about measurement-based quantum computing, where the graphical syntax…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2012-03-29 Ross Duncan

Mapping a quantum algorithm to any practical large-scale quantum computer will require a sequence of compilations and optimizations. At the level of fault-tolerant encoding, one likely requirement of this process is the translation into a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-11-13 Michael Hanks , Marta P. Estarellas , William J. Munro , Kae Nemoto

ZX-calculus is a strict mathematical formalism for graphical quantum computing which is based on the field of complex numbers. In this paper, we extend its power by generalising ZX-calculus to such an extent that it is universal both in an…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-10-13 Quanlong Wang

Quantum computers allow a near-exponential speed-up for specific applications when compared to classical computers. Despite recent advances in the hardware of quantum computers, their practical usage is still severely limited due to a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-05-09 Tobias Fischbach , Pierre Talbot , Pascal Bouvry

High-dimensional data arise naturally in many areas of science and engineering, including machine learning, signal processing, computational physics, and statistics. Such data are often represented as tensors, multi-dimensional…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Beheshteh T. Rakhshan , Guillaume Rabusseau

Categorical Quantum Mechanics, and graphical calculi in particular, has proven to be an intuitive and powerful way to reason about quantum computing. This work continues the exploration of graphical calculi, inside and outside of the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-10-09 Hector Miller-Bakewell