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This work explores the theoretical and practical foundations of denoising diffusion probabilistic models (DDPMs) and score-based generative models, which leverage stochastic processes and Brownian motion to model complex data distributions.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-30 Jathin Korrapati , Tanish Baranwal , Rahul Shah

We present a supervised learning framework of training generative models for density estimation. Generative models, including generative adversarial networks, normalizing flows, variational auto-encoders, are usually considered as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-24 Yanfang Liu , Minglei Yang , Zezhong Zhang , Feng Bao , Yanzhao Cao , Guannan Zhang

Score-based diffusion models learn to reverse a stochastic differential equation that maps data to noise. However, for complex tasks, numerical error can compound and result in highly unnatural samples. Previous work mitigates this drift…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-06-12 Aaron Lou , Stefano Ermon

Modelling partial differential equations (PDEs) is of crucial importance in science and engineering, and it includes tasks ranging from forecasting to inverse problems, such as data assimilation. However, most previous numerical and machine…

Diffusion models have recently emerged as a powerful framework for generative modeling. They consist of a forward process that perturbs input data with Gaussian white noise and a reverse process that learns a score function to generate…

Diffusion (score-based) generative models have been widely used for modeling various types of complex data, including images, audios, and point clouds. Recently, the deep connection between forward-backward stochastic differential equations…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-22 Weitao Du , Tao Yang , He Zhang , Yuanqi Du

Generating graph-structured data requires learning the underlying distribution of graphs. Yet, this is a challenging problem, and the previous graph generative methods either fail to capture the permutation-invariance property of graphs or…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-16 Jaehyeong Jo , Seul Lee , Sung Ju Hwang

We introduce a general framework for solving partial differential equations (PDEs) using generative diffusion models. In particular, we focus on the scenarios where we do not have the full knowledge of the scene necessary to apply classical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-04 Jiahe Huang , Guandao Yang , Zichen Wang , Jeong Joon Park

Despite the remarkable empirical success of score-based diffusion models, their statistical guarantees remain underdeveloped. Existing analyses often provide pessimistic convergence rates that do not reflect the intrinsic low-dimensional…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-04-24 Saptarshi Chakraborty , Quentin Berthet , Peter L. Bartlett

This paper studies the original discrete-time denoising diffusion probabilistic model (DDPM) from a probabilistic point of view. We present three main theoretical results. First, we show that the time-dependent score function associated…

Probability · Mathematics 2026-01-13 Yumiharu Nakano

Diffusion models are commonly interpreted as learning the score function, i.e., the gradient of the log-density of noisy data. However, this assumption implies that the target of learning is a conservative vector field, which is not…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-03 An B. Vuong , Michael T. McCann , Javier E. Santos , Yen Ting Lin

Through an uncertainty quantification (UQ) perspective, we show that score-based generative models (SGMs) are provably robust to the multiple sources of error in practical implementation. Our primary tool is the Wasserstein uncertainty…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-05-27 Nikiforos Mimikos-Stamatopoulos , Benjamin J. Zhang , Markos A. Katsoulakis

Score-based generative modeling (SBGM) has achieved state-of-the-art performance in image generation, with the quality of generated images being highly dependent on the design of the forward (diffusion) process. Among these, models based on…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Sascha Holl , Jente Vandersanden , Gurprit Singh , Hans-Peter Seidel

Score-based diffusion models have emerged as one of the most promising frameworks for deep generative modelling. In this work we conduct a systematic comparison and theoretical analysis of different approaches to learning conditional…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-29 Georgios Batzolis , Jan Stanczuk , Carola-Bibiane Schönlieb , Christian Etmann

It is well known that training a denoising score-based diffusion models requires tens of thousands of epochs and a substantial number of image data to train the model. In this paper, we propose to increase the efficiency in training…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-04-11 Andrew S. Na , William Gao , Justin W. L. Wan

Score-based Generative Models (SGMs) have demonstrated exceptional synthesis outcomes across various tasks. However, the current design landscape of the forward diffusion process remains largely untapped and often relies on physical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-13 Kushagra Pandey , Stephan Mandt

Generative models can be categorized into two types: explicit generative models that define explicit density forms and allow exact likelihood inference, such as score-based diffusion models (SDMs) and normalizing flows; implicit generative…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-07-06 Jingwei Zhang , Han Shi , Jincheng Yu , Enze Xie , Zhenguo Li

Score-based models generate samples by mapping noise to data (and vice versa) via a high-dimensional diffusion process. We question whether it is necessary to run this entire process at high dimensionality and incur all the inconveniences…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-28 Bowen Jing , Gabriele Corso , Renato Berlinghieri , Tommi Jaakkola

Score-based diffusion models generate samples from an unknown target distribution using a time-reversed diffusion process. While such models represent state-of-the-art approaches in industrial applications such as artificial image…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-09 Adrian Baule

Score-based generative modeling (SGM) has grown to be a hugely successful method for learning to generate samples from complex data distributions such as that of images and audio. It is based on evolving an SDE that transforms white noise…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-04 Holden Lee , Jianfeng Lu , Yixin Tan