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Compressing long chain-of-thought (CoT) from large language models (LLMs) is an emerging strategy to improve the reasoning efficiency of LLMs. Despite its promising benefits, existing studies equally compress all thoughts within a long CoT,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Yansong Ning , Wei Li , Jun Fang , Naiqiang Tan , Hao Liu

It has been shown that the chain of thought (CoT) can enhance the power of large language models (LLMs) to solve certain mathematical reasoning problems. However, the capacity of CoT is still not fully explored. As an important instance,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Lijia Yu , Xiao-Shan Gao , Lijun Zhang

Large reasoning models (LRMs) tackle complex reasoning problems by following long chain-of-thoughts (Long CoT) that incorporate reflection, backtracking, and self-validation. However, the training techniques and data requirements to elicit…

Chain-of-Thought (CoT) reasoning has emerged as a powerful tool for enhancing the problem-solving capabilities of large language models (LLMs). However, the theoretical foundations of learning from CoT data remain underdeveloped, and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-29 Shai Shalev-Shwartz , Amnon Shashua

Reasoning-tuned LLMs utilizing long Chain-of-Thought (CoT) excel at single-answer tasks, yet their ability to model Human Label Variation--which requires capturing probabilistic ambiguity rather than resolving it--remains underexplored. We…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Beiduo Chen , Tiancheng Hu , Caiqi Zhang , Robert Litschko , Anna Korhonen , Barbara Plank

Chain-of-Thought (CoT) is an efficient prompting method that enables the reasoning ability of large language models by augmenting the query using multiple examples with multiple intermediate steps. Despite the empirical success, the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Hongkang Li , Songtao Lu , Pin-Yu Chen , Xiaodong Cui , Meng Wang

Chain-of-thought (CoT) prompting has been widely adopted to enhance the reasoning capabilities of large language models (LLMs). However, the effectiveness of CoT reasoning is inconsistent across tasks with different reasoning types. This…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Yue Wan , Xiaowei Jia , Xiang Lorraine Li

Chain-of-Thought (CoT) reasoning has proven effective in enhancing large language models (LLMs) on complex tasks, spurring research into its underlying mechanisms. However, two primary challenges remain for real-world applications: (1) the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Qiguang Chen , Libo Qin , Jinhao Liu , Yue Liao , Jiaqi Wang , Jingxuan Zhou , Wanxiang Che

Chain-of-thought (CoT) reasoning in vision language models (VLMs) is crucial for improving interpretability and trustworthiness. However, current training recipes lack robust CoT reasoning data, relying on datasets dominated by short…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-10-22 Ruohong Zhang , Bowen Zhang , Yanghao Li , Haotian Zhang , Zhiqing Sun , Zhe Gan , Yinfei Yang , Ruoming Pang , Yiming Yang

Large language models (LLMs) can now solve complex problems through long chain-of-thought (CoT) reasoning, but the trade-off between performance and token cost remains a central challenge. To address this issue, supervised fine-tuning (SFT)…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Kohsei Matsutani , Gouki Minegishi , Takeshi Kojima , Yusuke Iwasawa , Yutaka Matsuo

Large language models often solve complex reasoning tasks more effectively with Chain-of-Thought (CoT), but at the cost of long, low-bandwidth token sequences. Humans, by contrast, often reason softly by maintaining a distribution over…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-14 Yao Tang , Li Dong , Yaru Hao , Qingxiu Dong , Furu Wei , Jiatao Gu

Reasoning methods, best exemplified by the well-known Chain-of-Thought (CoT), empower the reasoning abilities of Large Language Models (LLMs) by eliciting them to solve complex tasks in a step-by-step manner. Although they are achieving…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-24 Leonardo Ranaldi , Giulia Pucci , Federico Ranaldi , Elena Sofia Ruzzetti , Fabio Massimo Zanzotto

Chain-of-thought (CoT) is a method that enables language models to handle complex reasoning tasks by decomposing them into simpler steps. Despite its success, the underlying mechanics of CoT are not yet fully understood. In an attempt to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-09 Yingcong Li , Kartik Sreenivasan , Angeliki Giannou , Dimitris Papailiopoulos , Samet Oymak

This report examines the effectiveness of Chain-of-Thought (CoT) prompting in improving the multi-step reasoning abilities of large language models (LLMs). Inspired by previous studies \cite{Min2022RethinkingWork}, we analyze the impact of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-09-29 Aayush Mishra , Karan Thakkar

Large Language Models (LLMs) are typically trained to reflect a relatively uniform set of values, which limits their applicability to tasks that require understanding of nuanced human perspectives. Recent research has underscored the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Yunfan Zhang , Kathleen McKeown , Smaranda Muresan

We study how to extend chain-of-thought (CoT) beyond language to better handle multimodal reasoning. While CoT helps LLMs and VLMs articulate intermediate steps, its text-only form often fails on vision-intensive problems where key…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Yifei Shao , Kun Zhou , Ziming Xu , Mohammad Atif Quamar , Shibo Hao , Zhen Wang , Zhiting Hu , Biwei Huang

Chain-of-Thought (CoT) reasoning has been widely adopted to enhance Large Language Models (LLMs) by decomposing complex tasks into simpler, sequential subtasks. However, extending CoT to vision-language reasoning tasks remains challenging,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Luozheng Qin , Jia Gong , Yuqing Sun , Tianjiao Li , Mengping Yang , Xiaomeng Yang , Chao Qu , Zhiyu Tan , Hao Li

Recent advances in large language models have demonstrated that Supervised Fine-Tuning (SFT) with Chain-of-Thought (CoT) reasoning data distilled from large reasoning models (e.g., DeepSeek R1) can effectively transfer reasoning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-22 Bin Yu , Hang Yuan , Haotian Li , Xueyin Xu , Yuliang Wei , Bailing Wang , Weizhen Qi , Kai Chen

Multi-step reasoning ability of large language models is crucial in tasks such as math and tool utilization. Current researches predominantly focus on enhancing model performance in these multi-step reasoning tasks through fine-tuning with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-23 Yuli Qiu , Jiashu Yao , Heyan Huang , Yuhang Guo

Recently, Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities. Chain-of-Thought (CoT) has been proposed as a way of assisting LLMs in performing complex reasoning. However, developing effective prompts can be a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-02 Yuxin Tang