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A dataset of sea surface temperature (SST) estimates is generated from the temperature observations of surface drifting buoys of NOAA's Global Drifter Program. Estimates of SST at regular hourly time steps along drifter trajectories are…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2022-09-01 Shane Elipot , Adam Sykulski , Rick Lumpkin , Luca Centurioni , Mayra Pazos

Stochastic differential equations (SDEs) are used to describe a wide variety of complex stochastic dynamical systems. Learning the hidden physics within SDEs is crucial for unraveling fundamental understanding of these systems' stochastic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-07-26 Jared O'Leary , Joel A. Paulson , Ali Mesbah

Reconstructing high-resolution sea surface temperatures (SST) from staggered SST measurements is essential for weather forecasting and climate projections. However, when SST measurements are sparse, the resulting inferred SST fields are…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2026-01-30 Cassidy All , Kevin Ho , Maya Magnuski , Christopher Nicolaides , Louisa B. Ebby , Mohammad Farazmand

Accurate estimates of historical changes in sea surface temperatures (SSTs) and their uncertainties are important for documenting and understanding historical changes in climate. A source of uncertainty that has not previously been…

Applications · Statistics 2020-12-15 Chenguang Dai , Duo Chan , Peter Huybers , Natesh Pillai

Ocean current, fluid mechanics, and many other spatio-temporal physical dynamical systems are essential components of the universe. One key characteristic of such systems is that certain physics laws -- represented as ordinary/partial…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-08-16 Yu Huang , James Li , Min Shi , Hanqi Zhuang , Xingquan Zhu , Laurent Chérubin , James VanZwieten , Yufei Tang

This letter adopts long short-term memory(LSTM) to predict sea surface temperature(SST), which is the first attempt, to our knowledge, to use recurrent neural network to solve the problem of SST prediction, and to make one week and one…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2017-11-22 Qin Zhang , Hui Wang , Junyu Dong , Guoqiang Zhong , Xin Sun

Accurate reconstruction of global Sea surface temperature (SST), which dominates the air-sea coupling and global climate variability, underpins climate monitoring and prediction. Existing SST reconstruction products primarily provide one…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2026-03-24 Haijie Li , Ya Wang , Kai Yang , Gang Huang , Xiangao Xia , Ziming Chen , Weichen Tao , Chenglin Lyu , Lin Chen , Miao Zhang , Kaiming Hu , Hainan Gong , Disong Fu , Lin Wang

With the rapid amassing of spatial-temporal (ST) ocean data, many spatial-temporal data mining (STDM) studies have been conducted to address various oceanic issues, including climate forecasting and disaster warning. Compared with typical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Hanchen Yang , Wengen Li , Shuyu Wang , Hui Li , Jihong Guan , Shuigeng Zhou , Jiannong Cao

The strengthening of the zonal sea surface temperature (SST) gradient observed in the tropical Pacific in recent decades is a regional climate change signal that may be outside the range of historical simulations with comprehensive climate…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2025-08-06 Timothy M. Merlis

The North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index, a measure of sea-level atmospheric pressure variability, holds significant influence over weather patterns in North America and Northern Europe. A negative (positive) NAO value signifies increased…

Applications · Statistics 2024-12-12 Alka Yadav , Sourish Das , Anirban Chakraborti , Sudeep Shukla

Owing to the remarkable development of deep learning technology, there have been a series of efforts to build deep learning-based climate models. Whereas most of them utilize recurrent neural networks and/or graph neural networks, we design…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-12 Jeehyun Hwang , Jeongwhan Choi , Hwangyong Choi , Kookjin Lee , Dongeun Lee , Noseong Park

Global weather patterns and regimes are heavily influenced by the dominant modes of Pacific sea surface temperature (SST) variability, including the El Ni\~no-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), Tropical Pacific Decadal Variability (TPDV), North…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2025-08-13 Kyle J. C. Hall , Maria J. Molina , Emily F. Wisinski , Gerald A. Meehl , Antonietta Capotondi

The spatiotemporal variation in tropical air-sea interaction is investigated by applying a simple model that considers the fundamental dynamics in tropical oceans. The model decomposes sea surface temperature anomaly (SSTA) variation into a…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2023-05-31 Yaokun Li

Physics-based Earth system models (ESMs) are essential for attributing climate change and generating scenario projections, yet their reliance on high-resolution numerical integration makes multi-decadal experiments expensive. In parallel,…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2026-03-18 Hira Saleem , Flora Salim , Cormac Purcell

El Ni\~no-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) exerts global climate and societal impacts, but real-time prediction with lead times beyond one year remains challenging. Dynamical models suffer from large biases and uncertainties, while deep learning…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2025-07-28 Rixu Hao , Yuxin Zhao , Shaoqing Zhang , Guihua Wang , Xiong Deng

Since the 1920s, when the three oscillations ENSO, NAO and NPO were found and defined, the theory of ocean-atmosphere coupling is particularly important in explaining the phenomena of atmospheric physics, then defined more than ten climate…

General Physics · Physics 2017-09-25 Jishi Zhang , Jingrong Lu , Haidong Huang , Xiaoning Liu , Yafeng Zhao , Zhiyang Wang , Jinlei Mo

Neural operators are becoming the default tools to learn solutions to governing partial differential equations (PDEs) in weather and ocean forecasting applications. Despite early promising achievements, significant challenges remain,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Vahidreza Jahanmard , Ali Ramezani-Kebrya , Robinson Hordoir

Climate and weather prediction traditionally relies on complex numerical simulations of atmospheric physics. Deep learning approaches, such as transformers, have recently challenged the simulation paradigm with complex network forecasts.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-04-17 Yogesh Verma , Markus Heinonen , Vikas Garg

Accurate reconstruction of ocean is essential for reflecting global climate dynamics and supporting marine meteorological research. Conventional methods face challenges due to sparse data, algorithmic complexity, and high computational…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-13 Yuanyi Song , Pumeng Lyu , Ben Fei , Fenghua Ling , Wanli Ouyang , Lei Bai

North Pacific sea surface temperatures (SST), as used in estimating the PDO, are reanalyzed using state-space decomposition and subspace identification techniques. The reanalysis presents a very different picture of SST in this region. The…

Applications · Statistics 2012-04-12 Roy Mendelssohn , CIndy Bessey