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Handwritten character classification in the Bengali script is a significant challenge due to the complexity and variability of the characters. The models commonly used for classification are often computationally expensive and data-hungry,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-04 Rafi Hassan Chowdhury , Naimul Haque , Kaniz Fatiha

Bengali is the seventh most spoken language on earth, yet considered a low-resource language in the field of natural language processing (NLP). Question answering over unstructured text is a challenging NLP task as it requires understanding…

There is very little notable research on generating descriptions of the Bengali language. About 243 million people speak in Bengali, and it is the 7th most spoken language on the planet. The purpose of this research is to propose a CNN and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-12-23 Al Momin Faruk , Hasan Al Faraby , Md. Muzahidul Azad , Md. Riduyan Fedous , Md. Kishor Morol

We propose a generalization of neural network sequence models. Instead of predicting one symbol at a time, our multi-scale model makes predictions over multiple, potentially overlapping multi-symbol tokens. A variation of the byte-pair…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2017-07-06 Bart van Merriënboer , Amartya Sanyal , Hugo Larochelle , Yoshua Bengio

Bengali is spoken by over 230 million people yet remains severely under-served in automatic speech recognition (ASR) and speaker diarization research. In this paper, we present our system for the DL Sprint 4.0 Bengali Long-Form Speech…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-23 Md. Nazmus Sakib , Shafiul Tanvir , Mesbah Uddin Ahamed , H. M. Aktaruzzaman Mukdho

The pretraining data of today's strongest language models is opaque; in particular, little is known about the proportions of various domains or languages represented. In this work, we tackle a task which we call data mixture inference,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-03 Jonathan Hayase , Alisa Liu , Yejin Choi , Sewoong Oh , Noah A. Smith

Large language models (LLMs) for code rely on subword tokenizers, such as byte-pair encoding (BPE), learned from mixed natural language text and programming language code but driven by statistics rather than grammar. As a result,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-17 Yinxi Li , Yuntian Deng , Pengyu Nie

We present three innovations in tokenization and subword segmentation. First, we propose to use unsupervised morphological analysis with Morfessor as pre-tokenization. Second, we present an algebraic method for obtaining subword embeddings…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-04 Jindřich Libovický , Jindřich Helcl

Current Large Language Models (LLMs) mostly use BPE (Byte Pair Encoding) based tokenizers, which are very effective for simple structured Latin scripts such as English. However, standard BPE tokenizers struggle to process complex Abugida…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-27 Kusal Darshana

Sentiment analysis (SA) is a process of identifying the emotional tone or polarity within a given text and aims to uncover the user's complex emotions and inner feelings. While sentiment analysis has been extensively studied for languages…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-24 Hemal Mahmud , Hasan Mahmud , Mohammad Rifat Ahmmad Rashid

Bengali text classification is a Significant task in natural language processing (NLP), where text is categorized into predefined labels. Unlike English, Bengali faces challenges due to the lack of extensive annotated datasets and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Md Mahmudul Hoque , Md Mehedi Hassain , Md Hojaifa Tanvir , Rahul Nandy

This paper describes SentencePiece, a language-independent subword tokenizer and detokenizer designed for Neural-based text processing, including Neural Machine Translation. It provides open-source C++ and Python implementations for subword…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-08-21 Taku Kudo , John Richardson

Pipelined NLP systems have largely been superseded by end-to-end neural modeling, yet nearly all commonly-used models still require an explicit tokenization step. While recent tokenization approaches based on data-derived subword lexicons…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-05-19 Jonathan H. Clark , Dan Garrette , Iulia Turc , John Wieting

Bengali, spoken by over 300 million people, is a morphologically rich and lowresource language, posing challenges for automatic speech recognition (ASR). This research presents an end-to-end framework for Bengali ASR, building on a…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-01-16 Md. Nazmus Sakib , Golam Mahmud , Md. Maruf Bangabashi , Umme Ara Mahinur Istia , Md. Jahidul Islam , Partha Sarker , Afra Yeamini Prity

Recent advances in Deep Learning and Computer Vision have been successfully leveraged to serve marginalized communities in various contexts. One such area is Sign Language - a primary means of communication for the deaf community. However,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-01-23 Haz Sameen Shahgir , Khondker Salman Sayeed , Md Toki Tahmid , Tanjeem Azwad Zaman , Md. Zarif Ul Alam

The pre-trained language models have achieved great successes in various natural language understanding (NLU) tasks due to its capacity to capture the deep contextualized information in text by pre-training on large-scale corpora. One of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-04 Junqiu Wei , Qun Liu , Yinpeng Guo , Xin Jiang

The first step in any NLP pipeline is to split the text into individual tokens. The most obvious and straightforward approach is to use words as tokens. However, given a large text corpus, representing all the words is not efficient in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-30 Zaid Alyafeai , Maged S. Al-shaibani , Mustafa Ghaleb , Irfan Ahmad

Toxic language in Bengali remains prevalent, especially in online environments, with few effective precautions against it. Although text detoxification has seen progress in high-resource languages, Bengali remains underexplored due to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Ayesha Afroza Mohsin , Mashrur Ahsan , Nafisa Maliyat , Shanta Maria , Syed Rifat Raiyan , Hasan Mahmud , Md Kamrul Hasan

Tokenization is a fundamental step in natural language processing, breaking text into units that computational models can process. While learned subword tokenizers have become the de-facto standard, they present challenges such as large…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-22 Pit Neitemeier , Björn Deiseroth , Constantin Eichenberg , Lukas Balles

The development of robust transliteration techniques to enhance the effectiveness of transforming Romanized scripts into native scripts is crucial for Natural Language Processing tasks, including sentiment analysis, speech recognition,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-01 Kanchon Gharami , Quazi Sarwar Muhtaseem , Deepti Gupta , Lavanya Elluri , Shafika Showkat Moni