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The rapid development of artificial intelligence methods contributes to their wide applications for forecasting various financial risks in recent years. This study introduces a novel explainable case-based reasoning (CBR) approach without a…

Computational Finance · Quantitative Finance 2021-07-20 Wei Li , Florentina Paraschiv , Georgios Sermpinis

Explainability algorithms aimed at interpreting decision-making AI systems usually consider balancing two critical dimensions: 1) \textit{faithfulness}, where explanations accurately reflect the model's inference process. 2)…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-04-02 Xiaolei Lu , Jianghong Ma

The deep neural networks (DNNs) have achieved great success in learning complex patterns with strong predictive power, but they are often thought of as "black box" models without a sufficient level of transparency and interpretability. It…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-11-10 Agus Sudjianto , William Knauth , Rahul Singh , Zebin Yang , Aijun Zhang

Interpretable machine learning (IML) becomes increasingly important in highly regulated industry sectors related to the health and safety or fundamental rights of human beings. In general, the inherently IML models should be adopted because…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-03 Agus Sudjianto , Aijun Zhang

The use of Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) schemes has increased dramatically since their first introduction in 2015. Though uses in many different applications are being found, they still have a problem with the lack of interpretability.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-09 Thomas Hickling , Abdelhafid Zenati , Nabil Aouf , Phillippa Spencer

We present an interpretable companion model for any pre-trained black-box classifiers. The idea is that for any input, a user can decide to either receive a prediction from the black-box model, with high accuracy but no explanations, or…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-02-12 Danqing Pan , Tong Wang , Satoshi Hara

In some situations, the interpretability of the machine learning models plays a role as important as the model accuracy. Interpretability comes from the need to trust the prediction model, verify some of its properties, or even enforce them…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-10 Guilherme Seidyo Imai Aldeia , Fabricio Olivetti de Franca

Explainability features are intended to provide insight into the internal mechanisms of an AI device, but there is a lack of evaluation techniques for assessing the quality of provided explanations. We propose a framework to assess and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-18 Miguel A. Lago , Ghada Zamzmi , Brandon Eich , Jana G. Delfino

As machine learning is increasingly deployed in high-stakes contexts affecting people's livelihoods, there have been growing calls to open the black box and to make machine learning algorithms more explainable. Providing useful explanations…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2020-07-13 Umang Bhatt , McKane Andrus , Adrian Weller , Alice Xiang

Modern AI systems frequently rely on opaque black-box models, most notably Deep Neural Networks, whose performance stems from complex architectures with millions of learned parameters. While powerful, their complexity poses a major…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-23 David Dembinsky , Adriano Lucieri , Stanislav Frolov , Hiba Najjar , Ko Watanabe , Andreas Dengel

Interpretability and explainability have gained more and more attention in the field of machine learning as they are crucial when it comes to high-stakes decisions and troubleshooting. Since both provide information about predictors and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-26 Benjamin Leblanc , Pascal Germain

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is rapidly expanding and integrating more into daily life to automate tasks, guide decision making, and enhance efficiency. However, complex AI models, which make decisions without providing clear explanations…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Lakshit Arora , Sanjay Surendranath Girija , Shashank Kapoor , Aman Raj , Dipen Pradhan , Ankit Shetgaonkar

Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) is an emerging research field bringing transparency to highly complex and opaque machine learning (ML) models. Despite the development of a multitude of methods to explain the decisions of black-box…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-03-16 Leander Weber , Sebastian Lapuschkin , Alexander Binder , Wojciech Samek

This paper explores the integration of Explainable Automated Machine Learning (AutoML) in the realm of financial engineering, specifically focusing on its application in credit decision-making. The rapid evolution of Artificial Intelligence…

Risk Management · Quantitative Finance 2024-02-07 Marc Schmitt

Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) addresses the growing need for transparency and interpretability in AI systems, enabling trust and accountability in decision-making processes. This book offers a comprehensive guide to XAI,…

The lack of interpretability has hindered the large-scale adoption of AI technologies. However, the fundamental idea of interpretability, as well as how to put it into practice, remains unclear. We provide notions of interpretability based…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-18 Hangcheng Dong , Bingguo Liu , Fengdong Chen , Dong Ye , Guodong Liu

Machine learning software is being used in many applications (finance, hiring, admissions, criminal justice) having a huge social impact. But sometimes the behavior of this software is biased and it shows discrimination based on some…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-08-31 Joymallya Chakraborty , Kewen Peng , Tim Menzies

The need for transparency of predictive systems based on Machine Learning algorithms arises as a consequence of their ever-increasing proliferation in the industry. Whenever black-box algorithmic predictions influence human affairs, the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-02-11 Kacper Sokol , Peter Flach

Long-term unemployment (LTU) is a challenge for both jobseekers and public employment services. Statistical profiling tools are increasingly used to predict LTU risk. Some profiling tools are opaque, black-box machine learning models, which…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-16 Tim Räz

Model agnostic feature attribution algorithms (such as SHAP and LIME) are ubiquitous techniques for explaining the decisions of complex classification models, such as deep neural networks. However, since complex classification models…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-29 Ron Bitton , Alon Malach , Amiel Meiseles , Satoru Momiyama , Toshinori Araki , Jun Furukawa , Yuval Elovici , Asaf Shabtai