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Transformer-based large language models (LLMs) cache context as key-value (KV) pairs during inference. As context length grows, KV cache sizes expand, leading to substantial memory overhead and increased attention latency. This paper…

Databases · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Jang-Hyun Kim , Jinuk Kim , Sangwoo Kwon , Jae W. Lee , Sangdoo Yun , Hyun Oh Song

The rapid adoption of large language models (LLMs) has created significant challenges for efficient inference at scale. Unlike traditional workloads, LLM inference is constrained by both computation and the memory overhead of key-value (KV)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-07 Chengyi Nie , Nian Si , Zijie Zhou

Huge memory consumption has been a major bottleneck for deploying high-throughput large language models in real-world applications. In addition to the large number of parameters, the key-value (KV) cache for the attention mechanism in the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-05 Haoyi Wu , Kewei Tu

Large language model (LLM) applications often reuse previously processed context, such as chat history and documents, which introduces significant redundant computation. Existing LLM serving systems address such redundant computation by…

Large Language Models (LLMs) have been widely adopted to process long-context tasks. However, the large memory overhead of the key-value (KV) cache poses significant challenges in long-context scenarios. Existing training-free KV cache…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-22 Luning Wang , Shiyao Li , Xuefei Ning , Zhihang Yuan , Shengen Yan , Guohao Dai , Yu Wang

Large language models (LLMs) rely on key-value cache (KV cache) to accelerate decoding by reducing redundant computations. However, the KV cache memory usage grows substantially with longer text sequences, posing challenges for efficient…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Yixuan Wang , Shiyu Ji , Yijun Liu , Yuzhuang Xu , Yang Xu , Qingfu Zhu , Wanxiang Che

Transformer-based large language models (LLMs) demonstrate impressive performance across various natural language processing tasks. Serving LLM inference for generating long contents, however, poses a challenge due to the enormous memory…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-01 Wonbeom Lee , Jungi Lee , Junghwan Seo , Jaewoong Sim

Large Language Models (LLMs) have ignited an innovative surge of AI applications, marking a new era of exciting possibilities equipped with extended context windows. However, hosting these models is cost-prohibitive mainly due to the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-09 Yilong Chen , Guoxia Wang , Junyuan Shang , Shiyao Cui , Zhenyu Zhang , Tingwen Liu , Shuohuan Wang , Yu Sun , Dianhai Yu , Hua Wu

Large language models have shown exceptional capabilities in a wide range of tasks, such as text generation and video generation, among others. However, due to their massive parameter count, these models often require substantial storage…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-18 Qian Tao , Wenyuan Yu , Jingren Zhou

Recently, sharing key-value (KV) cache across layers has been found effective in efficient inference of large language models (LLMs). To systematically investigate different techniques of cross-layer KV sharing, we propose a unified…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-06 You Wu , Haoyi Wu , Kewei Tu

Efficient real-world deployments of large language models (LLMs) rely on Key-Value (KV) caching for processing and generating long outputs, reducing the need for repetitive computation. For large contexts, Key-Value caches can take up tens…

Large language models have revolutionized natural language processing but face significant challenges of high storage and runtime costs, due to the transformer architecture's reliance on self-attention, particularly the large KV cache for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Yuan Feng , Junlin Lv , Haoyu Guo , Yukun Cao , S Kevin Zhou , Xike Xie

We describe KVLink, an approach for efficient key-value (KV) cache reuse in large language models (LLMs). In many LLM applications, different inputs can share overlapping context, such as the same retrieved document appearing in multiple…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Jingbo Yang , Bairu Hou , Wei Wei , Yujia Bao , Shiyu Chang

Recent advancements in Large Visual Language Models (LVLMs) have gained significant attention due to their remarkable reasoning capabilities and proficiency in generalization. However, processing a large number of visual tokens and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-24 Kai Huang , Hao Zou , Bochen Wang , Ye Xi , Zhen Xie , Hao Wang

LLMs are seeing growing use for applications which require large context windows, and with these large context windows KV cache activations surface as the dominant contributor to memory consumption during inference. Quantization is a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-30 Coleman Hooper , Sehoon Kim , Hiva Mohammadzadeh , Michael W. Mahoney , Yakun Sophia Shao , Kurt Keutzer , Amir Gholami

Vision-Language Models (VLMs) have emerged as a critical and fast-growing extension of Large Language Models (LLMs) that enable multimodal reasoning through both text and image inputs. Although VLMs enrich the capabilities of language…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Yingbing Huang , Tharun Adithya Srikrishnan , Steven K. Reinhardt , Deming Chen

Key-Value (KV) cache plays a crucial role in accelerating inference in large language models (LLMs) by storing intermediate attention states and avoiding redundant computation during autoregressive generation. However, its memory footprint…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Yuzhen Mao , Qitong Wang , Martin Ester , Ke Li

Large language models (LLMs) face growing challenges in efficient generative inference due to the increasing memory demands of Key-Value (KV) caches, especially for long sequences. Existing eviction methods typically retain KV pairs with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Yongqi An , Chang Lu , Kuan Zhu , Tao Yu , Chaoyang Zhao , Hong Wu , Ming Tang , Jinqiao Wang

The transformer's context window is vital for tasks such as few-shot learning and conditional generation as it preserves previous tokens for active memory. However, as the context lengths increase, the computational costs grow…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-01 Jeffrey Willette , Heejun Lee , Youngwan Lee , Myeongjae Jeon , Sung Ju Hwang

Long-context Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) demand substantial computational resources for inference as the growth of their multimodal Key-Value (KV) cache, in response to increasing input lengths, challenges memory and time…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-27 Zhongwei Wan , Ziang Wu , Che Liu , Jinfa Huang , Zhihong Zhu , Peng Jin , Longyue Wang , Li Yuan
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