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Identifying the mathematical relationships that best describe a dataset remains a very challenging problem in machine learning, and is known as Symbolic Regression (SR). In contrast to neural networks which are often treated as black boxes,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-10 Tony Tohme , Dehong Liu , Kamal Youcef-Toumi

Symbolic Regression (SR) searches for mathematical expressions which best describe numerical datasets. This allows to circumvent interpretation issues inherent to artificial neural networks, but SR algorithms are often computationally…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-06 Florian Lalande , Yoshitomo Matsubara , Naoya Chiba , Tatsunori Taniai , Ryo Igarashi , Yoshitaka Ushiku

Mathematical formulas are the crystallization of human wisdom in exploring the laws of nature for thousands of years. Describing the complex laws of nature with a concise mathematical formula is a constant pursuit of scientists and a great…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-20 Yanjie Li , Jingyi Liu , Weijun Li , Lina Yu , Min Wu , Wenqiang Li , Meilan Hao , Su Wei , Yusong Deng

Symbolic regression (SR) is the task of learning a model of data in the form of a mathematical expression. By their nature, SR models have the potential to be accurate and human-interpretable at the same time. Unfortunately, finding such…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2022-07-12 Marco Virgolin , Solon P. Pissis

Symbolic regression (SR) is the problem of learning a symbolic expression from numerical data. Recently, deep neural models trained on procedurally-generated synthetic datasets showed competitive performance compared to more classical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-11 Pierre-Alexandre Kamienny , Guillaume Lample , Sylvain Lamprier , Marco Virgolin

Symbolic regression (SR) is a powerful technique for discovering symbolic expressions that characterize nonlinear relationships in data, gaining increasing attention for its interpretability, compactness, and robustness. However, existing…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-06-09 Shengbin Ye , Meng Li

Symbolic regression (SR) has emerged as a powerful method for uncovering interpretable mathematical relationships from data, offering a novel route to both scientific discovery and efficient empirical modelling. This article introduces the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Deaglan J. Bartlett , Harry Desmond , Pedro G. Ferreira , Gabriel Kronberger

Symbolic regression (SR) seeks to recover closed-form mathematical expressions that describe observed data. While existing methods have advanced the discovery of either explicit mappings (i.e., $y = f(\mathbf{x})$) or discovering implicit…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-20 Michael Scherk , Boyuan Chen

Symbolic regression searches for analytic expressions that accurately describe studied phenomena. The main attraction of this approach is that it returns an interpretable model that can be insightful to users. Historically, the majority of…

Symbolic regression is the process of identifying mathematical expressions that fit observed output from a black-box process. It is a discrete optimization problem generally believed to be NP-hard. Prior approaches to solving the problem…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2021-11-19 T. Nathan Mundhenk , Mikel Landajuela , Ruben Glatt , Claudio P. Santiago , Daniel M. Faissol , Brenden K. Petersen

Developing mathematical models of dynamic systems is central to many disciplines of engineering and science. Models facilitate simulations, analysis of the system's behavior, decision making and design of automatic control algorithms. Even…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-19 Erik Derner , Jiří Kubalík , Nicola Ancona , Robert Babuška

Growing interest in modelling complex systems from brains to societies to cities using networks has led to increased efforts to describe generative processes that explain those networks. Recent successes in machine learning have prompted…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-01-12 Govind Gandhi

This paper describes a new method for Symbolic Regression that allows to find mathematical expressions from a dataset. This method has a strong mathematical basis. As opposed to other methods such as Genetic Programming, this method is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-03-22 Daniel Rivero , Enrique Fernandez-Blanco

Symbolic regression (SR) aims to find symbolic expressions that describe datasets. Due to its inherent interpretability, is a powerful paradigm for scientific discovery. Recent advances have expanded SR to describe related phenomena using a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Viktor Martinek , Roland Herzog

Symbolic regression is a machine learning technique that can learn the governing formulas of data and thus has the potential to transform scientific discovery. However, symbolic regression is still limited in the complexity and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-30 Michael Zhang , Samuel Kim , Peter Y. Lu , Marin Soljačić

Symbolic regression is a powerful system identification technique in industrial scenarios where no prior knowledge on model structure is available. Such scenarios often require specific model properties such as interpretability, robustness,…

Symbolic regression (SR) aims to discover the underlying mathematical expressions that explain observed data. This holds promise for both gaining scientific insight and for producing inherently interpretable and generalizable models for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-05 David Otte , Jörg K. H. Franke , Arbër Zela , Fábio Ferreira , Frank Hutter

Genetic Programming (GP) has traditionally entangled the evolution of symbolic representations with their performance-based evaluation, often relying solely on raw fitness scores. This tight coupling makes GP solutions more fragile and…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-06-09 Nam H. Le , Josh Bongard

Symbolic regression (SR) is a powerful technique for discovering the underlying mathematical expressions from observed data. Inspired by the success of deep learning, recent deep generative SR methods have shown promising results. However,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-04 Wenqiang Li , Weijun Li , Lina Yu , Min Wu , Linjun Sun , Jingyi Liu , Yanjie Li , Shu Wei , Yusong Deng , Meilan Hao

In symbolic regression, the goal is to find an analytical expression that accurately fits experimental data with the minimal use of mathematical symbols such as operators, variables, and constants. However, the combinatorial space of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-21 Tommaso Bendinelli , Luca Biggio , Pierre-Alexandre Kamienny