Related papers: Five-Minute Rule 40 Years Later: A First-Principle…

Simple economic and performance arguments suggest appropriate lifetimes for main memory pages and suggest optimal page sizes. The fundamental tradeoffs are the prices and bandwidths of RAMs and disks. The analysis indicates that with…

AI clusters today are one of the major uses of High Bandwidth Memory (HBM). However, HBM is suboptimal for AI workloads for several reasons. Analysis shows HBM is overprovisioned on write performance, but underprovisioned on density and…

Advances in storage technology have introduced Non-Volatile Memory, NVM, as a new storage medium. NVM, along with Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM), Solid State Disk (SSD), and Disk present a system designer with a wide array of options…

State space models (SSMs) have gained attention by showing potential to outperform Transformers. However, previous studies have not sufficiently addressed the mechanisms underlying their high performance owing to a lack of theoretical…

With emerging storage-class memory (SCM) nearing commercialization, there is evidence that it will deliver the much-anticipated high density and access latencies within only a few factors of DRAM. Nevertheless, the latency-sensitive nature…

Our ISCA 2013 paper provides a fundamental empirical understanding of two major factors that make it very difficult to determine the minimum data retention time of a DRAM cell, based on the first comprehensive experimental characterization…

Persistence is the first principle of big memory systems. We comprehensively analyze the vertical and horizontal extensions of existing memory hierarchy. Networks are flattening traditional storage hierarchies. We present the…

Both SRAM and DRAM have stopped scaling: there is no technical roadmap to reduce their cost (per byte/GB). As a result, memory now dominates system cost. This paper argues for a paradigm shift from today's simple memory hierarchy toward…

External memory is a key component of modern large language model (LLM) systems, enabling long-term interaction and personalization. Despite its importance, memory management is still largely driven by hand-designed heuristics, offering…

As AI workloads drive increasing memory requirements, domain-specific accelerators need higher-density on-chip memory beyond what current SRAM scaling trends can provide. Simultaneously, the vast amounts of short-lived data in these…

Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM) is the prevalent memory technology used to build main memory systems of almost all computers. A fundamental shortcoming of DRAM is the need to refresh memory cells to keep stored data intact. DRAM refresh…

Poor DRAM technology scaling over the course of many years has caused DRAM-based main memory to increasingly become a larger system bottleneck. A major reason for the bottleneck is that data stored within DRAM must be moved across a…

The speed of modern digital systems is severely limited by memory latency (the ``Memory Wall'' problem). Data exchange between Logic and Memory is also responsible for a large part of the system energy consumption. Logic--In--Memory (LiM)…

Despite the data-rich environment in which memory systems of modern computing platforms operate, many state-of-the-art architectural policies employed in the memory system rely on static, human-designed heuristics that fail to truly adapt…

This is a followup to the 1994 tutorial by Berkeley RAID researchers whose 1988 RAID paper foresaw a revolutionary change in storage industry based on advances in magnetic disk technology, i.e., replacement of large capacity expensive disks…

Solid-State Drives (SSDs) have significant performance advantages over traditional Hard Disk Drives (HDDs) such as lower latency and higher throughput. Significantly higher price per capacity and limited lifetime, however, prevents…

Computing-in-Memory (CiM) architectures aim to reduce costly data transfers by performing arithmetic and logic operations in memory and hence relieve the pressure due to the memory wall. However, determining whether a given workload can…

The increasing prevalence and growing size of data in modern applications have led to high costs for computation in traditional processor-centric computing systems. Moving large volumes of data between memory devices (e.g., DRAM) and…

Today's systems are overwhelmingly designed to move data to computation. This design choice goes directly against at least three key trends in systems that cause performance, scalability and energy bottlenecks: (1) data access from memory…

Many modern workloads such as neural network inference and graph processing are fundamentally memory-bound. For such workloads, data movement between memory and CPU cores imposes a significant overhead in terms of both latency and energy. A…