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Reinforcement learning (RL) for LLM post-training faces a fundamental design choice: whether to use a learned critic as a baseline for policy optimization. Classical theory favors critic-based methods such as PPO for variance reduction, yet…

We introduce Group Policy Gradient (GPG), a family of critic-free policy-gradient estimators for general MDPs. Inspired by the success of GRPO's approach in Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (RLHF), GPG replaces a learned value…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Junhua Chen , Zixi Zhang , Hantao Zhong , Rika Antonova

Group-Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO) has emerged as the standard for training reasoning capabilities in large language models through reinforcement learning. By estimating advantages using group-mean rewards rather than a learned…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-06 Anisha Garg , Claire Zhang , Nishit Neema , David Bick , Ganesh Venkatesh , Joel Hestness

Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO), recently introduced by DeepSeek, is a critic-free reinforcement learning algorithm for fine-tuning large language models. GRPO replaces the value function in Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO) with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Lei Pang , Jun Luo , Ruinan Jin

GRPO has emerged as a prominent reinforcement learning algorithm for post-training LLMs. Unlike critic-based methods, GRPO computes advantages by estimating the \emph{value baselines} from group-level statistics, eliminating the need for a…

Reinforcement learning (RL) has become a key driver of language model reasoning. Among RL algorithms, Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO) is the de facto standard, avoiding the need for a critic by using per-prompt baselines and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Cheng Ge , Caitlyn Heqi Yin , Hao Liang , Jiawei Zhang

Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO) has shown promise in discrete action spaces by eliminating value function dependencies through group-based advantage estimation. However, its application to continuous control remains unexplored,…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-07-29 Rajat Khanda , Mohammad Baqar , Sambuddha Chakrabarti , Satyasaran Changdar

Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) highlight the importance of post training techniques for improving reasoning and mathematical ability. Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO) has shown promise in this domain by combining…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-20 Gabriele Carrino , Andrea Sassella , Nicolo Brunello , Federico Toschi , Mark James Carman

Reinforcement Learning (RL) in partially observable environments poses significant challenges due to the complexity of learning under uncertainty. While additional information, such as that available in simulations, can enhance training,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-16 Yueheng Li , Guangming Xie , Zongqing Lu

Critic-free reinforcement learning methods, particularly group policies, have attracted considerable attention for their efficiency in complex tasks. However, these methods rely heavily on multiple sampling and comparisons within the policy…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-22 Wenfeng Feng , Penghong Zhao , Guochao Jiang , Chuzhan Hao , Yuewei Zhang , Guohua Liu , Hao Wang

We revisit Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO) in both on-policy and off-policy optimization regimes. Our motivation comes from recent work on off-policy Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO), which improves training stability, sampling…

Group Relative Policy Optimization(GRPO) has become a cornerstone of modern reinforcement learning alignment, prized for its efficacy in foregoing an explicit value-critic by leveraging reward normalization across sampled trajectory…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Redacted by arXiv

Recent advancements in Reinforcement Learning (RL), particularly Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO), have significantly enhanced the reasoning capabilities of Large Language Models. However, applying these problem-centric…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Yihong Tang , Kehai Chen , Liang Yue , Benyou Wang , Min Zhang

Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) has advanced the reasoning capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs) by leveraging direct outcome verification instead of learned reward models. Building on this paradigm, Group…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-23 Jingyi Wang , Lei Zhu , Tengjin Weng , Song-Li Wu , Haochen Tan , Jierun Chen , Chaofan Tao , Haoli Bai , Lu Hou , Lifeng Shang , Xiao-Ping Zhang

Hybrid Group Relative Policy Optimization (Hybrid GRPO) is a reinforcement learning framework that extends Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO) and Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO) by incorporating empirical multi-sample action…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-05 Soham Sane

The advantage function is a central concept in RL that helps reduce variance in policy gradient estimates. For language modeling, Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO) was proposed to use the within-group sample mean as a baseline for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-23 Hu Wang , Congbo Ma , Ian Reid , Mohammad Yaqub

Most recent RL for LLMs (RL4LLM) methods avoid explicit critics, replacing them with average advantage baselines. This shift is largely pragmatic: conventional value functions are computationally expensive to train at LLM scale and often…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-16 Jiashun Liu , Johan Obando-Ceron , Han Lu , Yancheng He , Weixun Wang , Wenbo Su , Bo Zheng , Pablo Samuel Castro , Aaron Courville , Ling Pan

Soft Actor-Critic (SAC) and its variants dominate Multi-Task Reinforcement Learning (MTRL) due to their off-policy sample efficiency, while on-policy methods such as Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO) remain underexplored. We diagnose that…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Yuanpeng Li , Gefei Lin , Annie Qu , Rui Miao

Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO) is widely used for critic-free Large Language Model (LLM) post-training, but its KL regularization is usually implemented as a local loss-side token penalty. We show that this misses the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Jiarui Yao , Ruida Wang , Hao Bai , Tong Zhang

Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO) is a promising policy-based approach for Large Language Model alignment, yet its performance is often limited by training instability and suboptimal convergence. In this paper, we identify and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-12 Marco Simoni , Aleksandar Fontana , Giulio Rossolini , Andrea Saracino , Paolo Mori
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