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Evaluating open-ended outputs from large language models (LLMs) remains challenging due to the absence of ground truth. Existing metrics rely on final-answer accuracy or surface-level statistics, leaving the reasoning process itself…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Yundong Kim , Heyoung Yang

In the realm of large language models (LLMs), the ability of models to accurately follow instructions is paramount as more agents and applications leverage LLMs for construction, where the complexity of instructions are rapidly increasing.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-18 Xinghua Zhang , Haiyang Yu , Cheng Fu , Fei Huang , Yongbin Li

As large language models (LMs) advance, there is an increasing need to control their outputs to align with human values (e.g., detoxification) or desired attributes (e.g., personalization, topic). However, autoregressive models focus on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Gwen Yidou Weng , Benjie Wang , Guy Van den Broeck

Test-time scaling improves the reasoning performance of large language models but often results in token-inefficient overthinking, where models continue reasoning beyond what is necessary for a correct answer. Existing dynamic early-exit…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Jiakun Li , Xingwei He , Kefan Li , Hongzheng Chai , Hongyue Yu , Yuan Yuan

The growing awareness of safety concerns in large language models (LLMs) has sparked considerable interest in the evaluation of safety. This study investigates an under-explored issue about the evaluation of LLMs, namely the substantial…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-02 Yixu Wang , Yan Teng , Kexin Huang , Chengqi Lyu , Songyang Zhang , Wenwei Zhang , Xingjun Ma , Yu-Gang Jiang , Yu Qiao , Yingchun Wang

New Large Language Models (LLMs) become available every few weeks, and modern application developers confronted with the unenviable task of having to decide if they should switch to a new model. While human evaluation remains the gold…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-25 Suryaansh Jain , Umair Z. Ahmed , Shubham Sahai , Ben Leong

Health systems are rapidly deploying large language models (LLMs) that use clinical notes for clinical decision support applications. However, modern documentation practices rely heavily on templates, copy--paste shortcuts, and…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Jordan L. Cahoon , Chloe Stanwyck , Asad Aali , Rachel Madding , Emma Sun , Yixing Jiang , Renumathy Dhanasekaran , Emily Alsentzer

Current human-AI alignment and evaluation methods for large language models (LLMs) often rely on preference signals collected immediately after an interaction. This practice implicitly treats preference as static, even though many…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-05-06 Simret Araya Gebreegziabher , Allison E Sproul , Yinuo Yang , Chaoran Chen , Diego Gómez-Zará , Toby Jia-Jun Li

We present TRACE-CS, a novel hybrid system that combines symbolic reasoning with large language models (LLMs)to address contrastive queries in course scheduling problems. TRACE-CS leverages logic-based techniques to encode scheduling…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Stylianos Loukas Vasileiou , William Yeoh

Large language models offer a scalable alternative to human coding for data annotation tasks, enabling the scale-up of research across data-intensive domains. While LLMs are already achieving near-human accuracy on objective annotation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Zhen Xu , Vedant Khatri , Yijun Dai , Xiner Liu , Siyan Li , Xuanming Zhang , Renzhe Yu

LLM implementations are failing in highly regulated industries owing to instability issues, inconsistent reasoning, hallucinations and performance variability, especially in workflows. These reliability issues restrict safe use of LLM in…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-17 Gangesh Pathak , Prasanna Kumar

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly used in empirical software engineering (ESE) to automate or assist annotation tasks such as labeling commits, issues, and qualitative artifacts. Yet the reliability and reproducibility of such…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Mia Mohammad Imran , Tarannum Shaila Zaman

Standard human preference-based alignment methods, such as Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (RLHF), are a cornerstone for aligning large language models (LLMs) with human values. However, these methods typically assume that…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-02 Xiaoyang Cao , Zelai Xu , Mo Guang , Kaiwen Long , Michiel A. Bakker , Yu Wang , Chao Yu

Direct preference optimization methods have emerged as a computationally efficient alternative to Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (RLHF) for aligning Large Language Models (LLMs). Latest approaches have streamlined the alignment…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Maksim Afanasyev , Illarion Iov

Large language models (LLMs) exhibit remarkable capabilities across diverse tasks, yet aligning them efficiently and effectively with human expectations remains a critical challenge. This thesis advances LLM alignment by introducing novel…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-12 Yuxin Jiang

Large language models fine-tuned via a two-stage pipeline (domain adaptation followed by instruction alignment) can exhibit non-trivial interference after adapter merging, including the re-emergence of explicit reasoning traces under strict…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-12 Junyi Zou

Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (RLHF) is a key method for aligning large language models (LLMs) with human preferences. However, current offline alignment approaches like DPO, IPO, and SLiC rely heavily on fixed preference…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-25 Mucong Ding , Souradip Chakraborty , Vibhu Agrawal , Zora Che , Alec Koppel , Mengdi Wang , Amrit Bedi , Furong Huang

As LLMs occupy an increasingly important role in society, they are more and more confronted with questions that require them not only to draw on their general knowledge but also to align with certain human value systems. Therefore, studying…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-31 Mehar Bhatia , Shravan Nayak , Gaurav Kamath , Marius Mosbach , Karolina Stańczak , Vered Shwartz , Siva Reddy

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used in social science simulations. While their performance on reasoning and optimization tasks has been extensively evaluated, less attention has been paid to their ability to simulate human…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2025-08-25 Yuanjun Feng , Vivek Choudhary , Yash Raj Shrestha

Instruction tuning has underscored the significant potential of large language models (LLMs) in producing more human controllable and effective outputs in various domains. In this work, we focus on the data selection problem for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-01 Yang Wu , Huayi Zhang , Yizheng Jiao , Lin Ma , Xiaozhong Liu , Jinhong Yu , Dongyu Zhang , Dezhi Yu , Wei Xu