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This paper investigates the transient synchronization stability in power systems hybridized with virtual synchronous generators (VSGs) and synchronous generators (SGs). A relative swing equation model is established to capture the transient…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-22 Changjun He , Li Zhang , Qi Liu , Rui Zou

In a purely inverter-based microgrid, both grid-forming (GFM) and grid-following (GFL) inverters will have a crucial role to play in frequency/voltage regulation and maintaining power sharing through their grid support capabilities.…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-11-01 Ankit Singhal , Thanh Long Vu , Wei Du

Grid-forming inverter-based autonomous microgrids present new operational challenges as the stabilizing rotational inertia of synchronous machines is absent. The design of efficient control policies for grid-forming inverters is, however, a…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-01-18 Yemi Ojo , Jeremy D. Watson , Khaled Laib , Ioannis Lestas

Inverter-based resources (IBRs) are a key component in the ongoing modernization of power systems, with grid-forming (GFM) inverters playing a central role. Effective fault current limiting is a major challenge to modernizing power systems…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-05-19 Zaid Ibn Mahmood , Hantao Cui , Ying Zhang

The widely accepted definition of grid-forming (GFM) inverter states that it should behave as a (nearly) constant voltage source behind an impedance by maintaining a (nearly) constant internal voltage phasor in the sub-transient to…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-10 Ambuj Gupta , Balarko Chaudhuri , Mark O'Malley

The conventional approach for the control of distribution networks, in the presence of active generation and/or controllable loads and storage, involves a combination of both frequency and voltage regulation at different time scales. With…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2015-02-05 Andrey Bernstein , Lorenzo Reyes-Chamorro , Jean-Yves Le Boudec , Mario Paolone

Grid-following and grid-forming inverters are integral components of microgrids and for integration of renewable energy sources with the grid. For grid following inverters, which need to emulate controllable current sources, a significant…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-07-07 Soham Chakraborty , Sourav Patel , Murti V Salapaka

In order to deal with issues caused by the increasing penetration of renewable resources in power systems, this paper proposes a novel distributed frequency control algorithm for each generating unit and controllable load in a transmission…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-02-19 Luwei Yang , Tao Liu , Zhiyuan Tang , David J. Hill

Inadequate frequency response can arise due to a high penetration of wind turbine generators (WTGs) and requires a frequency support function to be integrated in the WTG. The appropriate design for these controllers to ensure adequate…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2018-08-29 Yichen Zhang , M. Ehsan Raoufat , Kevin Tomsovic , Seddik M. Djouadi

An inevitable consequence of the global power system transition towards nearly 100% renewable-based generation is the loss of conventional bulk generation by synchronous machines, their inertia, and accompanying frequency and voltage…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2019-10-10 Ali Tayyebi , Dominic Groß , Adolfo Anta , Friederich Kupzog , Florian Dörfler

This paper develops a hybrid system modeling framework for inverters that switch between grid-following and grid-forming control schemes. In particular, such inverters are modeled as hybrid automata with guard conditions on voltage and…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-11-19 Bukunmi G. Odunlami , Marcos Netto

The transition towards clean energy and the introduction of Inverter-Based Resources (IBRs) are leading to the formation of Microgrids (MGs) and Networks of MGs (NMGs). MGs and NMGs can operate autonomously in islanded mode, which requires…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-02-13 Ahmed Saad Al-Karsani , Maryam Khanbaghi

This paper proposes a distributionally robust optimal power flow (OPF) model for transmission grids with wind power generation. The model uses the conditional value-at-risk (CVaR) constraints to control the reserve and branch flow limit…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-10-27 Lei You , Hui Ma , Tapan Kumar Saha , Gang Liu

This article proposes a "cross-forming" control concept for grid-forming inverters operating against grid faults. Cross-forming refers to voltage angle forming and current magnitude forming. It differs from classical grid-forming and…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-11-20 Xiuqiang He , Maitraya Avadhut Desai , Linbin Huang , Florian Dörfler

Most previously proposed controllers are analyzed in the small-signal/quasi-steady regime rather than large-signal or transient stability for grid-forming inverters (GFMI). Additionally, methods that presume system-wide data--global…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-09-12 Qianxi Tang , Li Peng

Total energy shaping through interconnection and damping assignment passivity-based control (IDA-PBC) provides a powerful and systematic framework for stabilizing underactuated mechanical systems. Despite its theoretical appeal,…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-02-03 M. Reza J. Harandi , Mehrzad Namvar

The power interactions of any component in electric energy systems with the rest of the system happen naturally, as governed by the energy conservation principles. There may, however, occur instances when the rate at which power gets…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-05-17 Rupamathi Jaddivada , Marija D. Ilic

This paper presents an improved droop control method to ensure effective power sharing, voltage regulation, and frequency stabilization of inverter-based resources (IBRs) connected in parallel in an islanded AC microgrid. In the…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-07-31 Ayobami Olajube , Koto Omiloli , Satish Vedula , Olugbenga Anubi

Power systems with a high penetration of renewable generation are vulnerable to frequency oscillation and voltage instability. Traditionally, the stability of power systems is considered either in terms of local stability or as an angle…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-07-31 Xinyuan Jiang , Constantino M. Lagoa , Daning Huang , Yan Li

We propose a decentralized framework to analytically guarantee the small-signal stability of future power systems with grid-forming converters. Our approach leverages dynamic loop-shifting techniques to compensate for the lack of passivity…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-02 Verena Häberle , Xiuqiang He , Linbin Huang , Florian Dörfler , Steven Low