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Pre-trained Vision-Language Models (VLMs) are able to understand visual concepts, describe and decompose complex tasks into sub-tasks, and provide feedback on task completion. In this paper, we aim to leverage these capabilities to support…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-08 David Venuto , Sami Nur Islam , Martin Klissarov , Doina Precup , Sherry Yang , Ankit Anand

Reinforcement learning from human feedback (RLHF) has emerged as a key technique for aligning the output of large language models (LLMs) with human preferences. To learn the reward function, most existing RLHF algorithms use the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-02-11 Kai Ye , Hongyi Zhou , Jin Zhu , Francesco Quinzan , Chengchun Shi

Reinforcement learning (RL), particularly in sparse reward settings, often requires prohibitively large numbers of interactions with the environment, thereby limiting its applicability to complex problems. To address this, several prior…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-11-20 Prasoon Goyal , Scott Niekum , Raymond J. Mooney

This paper explores the use of reinforcement learning (RL) models for autonomous racing. In contrast to passenger cars, where safety is the top priority, a racing car aims to minimize the lap-time. We frame the problem as a reinforcement…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-06-14 Adrian Remonda , Sarah Krebs , Eduardo Veas , Granit Luzhnica , Roman Kern

Building generalist agents that can accomplish many goals in rich open-ended environments is one of the research frontiers for reinforcement learning. A key limiting factor for building generalist agents with RL has been the need for a…

Optimizing numerical systems and mechanism design is crucial for enhancing player experience in Massively Multiplayer Online (MMO) games. Traditional optimization approaches rely on large-scale online experiments or parameter tuning over…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-03 Ran Zhang , Kun Ouyang , Tiancheng Ma , Yida Yang , Dong Fang

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used as behavioral proxies for self-interested travelers in agent-based traffic models. Although more flexible and generalizable than conventional models, the practical use of these approaches…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Hanlin Sun , Jiayang Li

Large language models (LLMs) excel in tasks like question answering and dialogue, but complex tasks requiring interaction, such as negotiation and persuasion, require additional long-horizon reasoning and planning. Reinforcement learning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-04 Joey Hong , Anca Dragan , Sergey Levine

Designers of AI agents often iterate on the reward function in a trial-and-error process until they get the desired behavior, but this only guarantees good behavior in the training environment. We propose structuring this process as a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-17 Sören Mindermann , Rohin Shah , Adam Gleave , Dylan Hadfield-Menell

When learning task-oriented dialogue (ToD) agents, reinforcement learning (RL) techniques can naturally be utilized to train dialogue strategies to achieve user-specific goals. Prior works mainly focus on adopting advanced RL techniques to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-02-22 Yihao Feng , Shentao Yang , Shujian Zhang , Jianguo Zhang , Caiming Xiong , Mingyuan Zhou , Huan Wang

Can large language model (LLM) agents reproduce the complex social dynamics that characterize human online behavior -- shaped by homophily, reciprocity, and social validation -- and what memory and learning mechanisms enable such dynamics…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-23 Philipp J. Schneider , Lin Tian , Marian-Andrei Rizoiu

The inherent uncertainty in the environmental transition model of Reinforcement Learning (RL) necessitates a delicate balance between exploration and exploitation. This balance is crucial for optimizing computational resources to accurately…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-21 Yongxin Deng , Xihe Qiu , Jue Chen , Xiaoyu Tan

Training agents to act competently in complex 3D environments from high-dimensional visual information is challenging. Reinforcement learning is conventionally used to train such agents, but requires a carefully designed reward function,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Adam Jelley , Yuhan Cao , Dave Bignell , Amos Storkey , Sam Devlin , Tabish Rashid

Reward design has been one of the central challenges for real world reinforcement learning (RL) deployment, especially in settings with multiple objectives. Preference-based RL offers an appealing alternative by learning from human…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-25 Chenyang Zhao , Vinny Cahill , Ivana Dusparic

General-purpose planning algorithms for automated driving combine mission, behavior, and local motion planning. Such planning algorithms map features of the environment and driving kinematics into complex reward functions. To achieve this,…

Robotics · Computer Science 2020-09-17 Sascha Rosbach , Vinit James , Simon Großjohann , Silviu Homoceanu , Xing Li , Stefan Roth

Reinforcement-learning agents seek to maximize a reward signal through environmental interactions. As humans, our job in the learning process is to design reward functions to express desired behavior and enable the agent to learn such…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-08 Zhiyuan Zhou , Shreyas Sundara Raman , Henry Sowerby , Michael L. Littman

Dynamic Algorithm Configuration (DAC) has garnered significant attention in recent years, particularly in the prevalence of machine learning and deep learning algorithms. Numerous studies have leveraged the robustness of decision-making in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-10 Tai Nguyen , Phong Le , André Biedenkapp , Carola Doerr , Nguyen Dang

Reward models are central to large language model (LLM) post-training. However, past work has shown that they can reward spurious or undesirable attributes such as length, format, hallucinations, and sycophancy. In this work, we introduce…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-18 Atticus Wang , Iván Arcuschin , Arthur Conmy

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable creative writing capabilities, yet their substantial computational demands hinder widespread use. Enhancing Small Language Models (SLMs) offers a promising alternative, but current…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-01 Xiaolong Wei , Bo Lu , Xingyu Zhang , Zhejun Zhao , Dongdong Shen , Long Xia , Dawei Yin

We propose an agent architecture that automates parts of the common reinforcement learning experiment workflow, to enable automated mastery of control domains for embodied agents. To do so, it leverages a VLM to perform some of the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-09-06 Jingwei Zhang , Thomas Lampe , Abbas Abdolmaleki , Jost Tobias Springenberg , Martin Riedmiller