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Immunohistochemical (IHC) staining highlights the molecular information critical to diagnostics in tissue samples. However, compared to H&E staining, IHC staining can be much more expensive in terms of both labor and the laboratory…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-03-14 Fangda Li , Zhiqiang Hu , Wen Chen , Avinash Kak

Breast cancer presents a significant healthcare challenge globally, demanding precise diagnostics and effective treatment strategies, where histopathological examination of Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) stained tissue sections plays a central…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-08-06 Linhao Qu , Chengsheng Zhang , Guihui Li , Haiyong Zheng , Chen Peng , Wei He

The overexpression of the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) in breast cells is a key driver of HER2-positive breast cancer, a highly aggressive subtype requiring precise diagnosis and targeted therapy. Immunohistochemistry…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-10 Sara Rehmat , Hafeez Ur Rehman , Byeong-Gwon Kang , Sarra Ayouni , Yunyoung Nam

Computational analysis of multiplexed immunofluorescence histology data is emerging as an important method for understanding the tumour micro-environment in cancer. This work presents HEMIT, a dataset designed for translating Hematoxylin…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-09-30 Chang Bian , Beth Philips , Tim Cootes , Martin Fergie

Virtual immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining from hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) images can accelerate diagnostics by providing preliminary molecular insight directly from routine sections, reducing the need for repeat sectioning when tissue is…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-16 Jillur Rahman Saurav , Thuong Le Hoai Pham , Pritam Mukherjee , Paul Yi , Brent A. Orr , Jacob M. Luber

Breast cancer is a highly fatal disease among cancers in women, and early detection is crucial for treatment. HER2 status, a valuable diagnostic marker based on Immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining, is instrumental in determining breast…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-09-04 Linda Wei , Shengyi Hua , Shaoting Zhang , Xiaofan Zhang

Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)-stained slides are central to cancer diagnosis and monitoring, visualizing tissue architecture and cellular morphology. However, H&E lacks the molecular specificity needed to distinguish cell states and…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-14 Tushar Kataria , Beatrice Knudsen , Shireen Y. Elhabian

Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) staining is a cornerstone of pathological analysis, offering reliable visualization of cellular morphology and tissue architecture for cancer diagnosis, subtyping, and grading. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-06-23 Amit Das , Naofumi Tomita , Kyle J. Syme , Weijie Ma , Paige O'Connor , Kristin N. Corbett , Bing Ren , Xiaoying Liu , Saeed Hassanpour

Deep learning models can generate virtual immunohistochemistry (IHC) stains from hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) images, offering a scalable and low-cost alternative to laboratory IHC. However, reliable evaluation of image quality remains a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-07 Tushar Kataria , Shikha Dubey , Mary Bronner , Jolanta Jedrzkiewicz , Ben J. Brintz , Shireen Y. Elhabian , Beatrice S. Knudsen

Immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining plays a significant role in the evaluation of diseases such as breast cancer. The H&E-to-IHC transformation based on generative models provides a simple and cost-effective method for obtaining IHC images.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-02-28 Yifan Jia , Xingda Yu , Zhengyang Ji , Songning Lai , Yutao Yue

Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining is the clinical standard for assessing tissue morphology, but it lacks molecular-level diagnostic information. In contrast, immunohistochemistry (IHC) provides crucial insights into biomarker expression,…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-08-05 Jingsong Liu , Xiaofeng Deng , Han Li , Azar Kazemi , Christian Grashei , Gesa Wilkens , Xin You , Tanja Groll , Nassir Navab , Carolin Mogler , Peter J. Schüffler

Virtual immunohistochemistry (IHC) aims to computationally synthesize molecular staining patterns from routine Hematoxylin and Eosin (H\&E) images, offering a cost-effective and tissue-efficient alternative to traditional physical staining.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-23 Rongze Ma , Mengkang Lu , Zhenyu Xiang , Yongsheng Pan , Yicheng Wu , Qingjie Zeng , Yong Xia

With the advent of digital scanners and deep learning, diagnostic operations may move from a microscope to a desktop. Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) staining is one of the most frequently used stains for disease analysis, diagnosis, and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-08-28 Shikha Dubey , Tushar Kataria , Beatrice Knudsen , Shireen Y. Elhabian

Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining visualizes histology but lacks specificity for diagnostic markers. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining provides protein-targeted staining but is restricted by tissue availability and antibody…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-07-01 Anran Liu , Xiaofei Wang , Jing Cai , Chao Li

Histopathological cancer diagnosis is based on visual examination of stained tissue slides. Hematoxylin and eosin (H\&E) is a standard stain routinely employed worldwide. It is easy to acquire and cost effective, but cells and tissue…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-07-12 Zhaoyang Xu , Xingru Huang , Carlos Fernández Moro , Béla Bozóky , Qianni Zhang

Virtual staining offers a promising method for converting Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) images into Immunohistochemical (IHC) images, eliminating the need for costly chemical processes. However, existing methods often struggle to utilize…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Sicheng Yang , Zhaohu Xing , Haipeng Zhou , Lei Zhu

Immunohistochemical (IHC) staining serves as a valuable technique for detecting specific antigens or proteins through antibody-mediated visualization. However, the IHC staining process is both time-consuming and costly. To address these…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-04-02 Zetong Chen , Yuzhuo Chen , Hai Zhong , Xu Qiao

Immunohistochemical (IHC) staining provides crucial molecular characterization of tissue samples and plays an indispensable role in the clinical examination and diagnosis of cancers. However, compared with the commonly used Hematoxylin and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-07 Mingzhou Jiang , Jiaying Zhou , Nan Zeng , Mickael Li , Qijie Tang , Chao He , Huazhu Fu , Honghui He

Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) staining is the cornerstone of histopathology but lacks molecular specificity. While Immunohistochemistry (IHC) provides molecular insights, it is costly and complex, motivating H&E-to-IHC translation as a…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-09-22 Erik Großkopf , Valay Bundele , Mehran Hosseinzadeh , Hendrik P. A. Lensch

Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) staining is widely regarded as the standard in pathology for diagnosing diseases and tracking tumor recurrence. While H&E staining shows tissue structures, it lacks the ability to reveal specific proteins that…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-05-21 Tushar Kataria , Beatrice Knudsen , Shireen Y. Elhabian
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