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Large Language Models are increasingly deployed as educational tools, yet existing benchmarks focus on narrow skills and lack grounding in learning sciences. We introduce OpenLearnLM Benchmark, a theory-grounded framework evaluating LLMs…

Large language models (LLMs) are becoming increasingly proficient in processing and generating multilingual texts, which allows them to address real-world problems more effectively. However, language understanding is a far more complex…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Sławomir Dadas , Małgorzata Grębowiec , Michał Perełkiewicz , Rafał Poświata

The rapid development of artificial intelligence has led to marked progress in the field. One interesting direction for research is whether Large Language Models (LLMs) can be integrated with structured knowledge-based systems. This…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-02 Wenli Yang , Lilian Some , Michael Bain , Byeong Kang

The black-box nature of Large Language Models necessitates novel evaluation frameworks that transcend surface-level performance metrics. This study investigates the internal neural representations of cognitive complexity using Bloom's…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-20 Bianca Raimondi , Maurizio Gabbrielli

Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) is widely used to augment large language models (LLMs) with external knowledge. However, many benchmark datasets, designed to test RAG performance, comprise many questions that can already be answered…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Jiayi Liu , Jiaxing Zhang , Bowen Jin , Jennifer Neville

Large Language Models (LLMs) are adept at generating responses based on information within their context. While this ability is useful for interacting with structured data like code files, another popular method, Retrieval-Augmented…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-22 Mihir Gupte , Paolo Giusto , Ramesh S

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly used for tasks involving Knowledge Graphs (KGs), whose evaluation typically focuses on accuracy and output correctness. We propose a complementary task characterization approach using three…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-25 Sara Todorovikj , Lars-Peter Meyer , Michael Martin

Deploying Large Language Model (LLM) applications, particularly those relying on Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG), remains challenging due to high computational demands, outdated knowledge bases, and the need to manually select optimal…

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown versatility in various Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks, including their potential as effective question-answering systems. However, to provide precise and relevant information in response to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-09 Sriram Veturi , Saurabh Vaichal , Reshma Lal Jagadheesh , Nafis Irtiza Tripto , Nian Yan

Large language models (LLMs) encode rich cultural knowledge learned from diverse web-scale data, offering an unprecedented opportunity to model cultural commonsense at scale. Yet this knowledge remains mostly implicit and unstructured,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Junior Cedric Tonga , Chen Cecilia Liu , Iryna Gurevych , Fajri Koto

The recently developed retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) technology has enabled the efficient construction of domain-specific applications. However, it also has limitations, including the gap between vector similarity and the relevance…

Knowledge augmentation has significantly enhanced the performance of Large Language Models (LLMs) in knowledge-intensive tasks. However, existing methods typically operate on the simplistic premise that model performance equates with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-16 Hao Chen , Ye He , Yuchun Fan , Yukun Yan , Zhenghao Liu , Qingfu Zhu , Maosong Sun , Wanxiang Che

Despite the significant progress of large language models (LLMs) in various tasks, they often produce factual errors due to their limited internal knowledge. Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG), which enhances LLMs with external knowledge…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-10 Yuanjie Lyu , Zihan Niu , Zheyong Xie , Chao Zhang , Tong Xu , Yang Wang , Enhong Chen

Recent advances in Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) have significantly improved response accuracy and relevance by incorporating external knowledge into Large Language Models (LLMs). However, existing RAG methods primarily focus on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-22 Qinhan Yu , Zhiyou Xiao , Binghui Li , Zhengren Wang , Chong Chen , Wentao Zhang

Although Large Language Models (LLMs) demonstrate strong capabilities across various tasks, they exhibit significant performance discrepancies across languages. While prompting LLMs in English typically yields the highest general…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Andrew Ivan Soegeng , Patrick Sutanto , Tan Sang Nguyen

We present TuringQ, the first benchmark designed to evaluate the reasoning capabilities of large language models (LLMs) in the theory of computation. TuringQ consists of 4,006 undergraduate and graduate-level question-answer pairs,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-10 Pardis Sadat Zahraei , Ehsaneddin Asgari

This paper introduces a novel approach to enhancing closed-domain Question Answering (QA) systems, focusing on the specific needs of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBL) Science Information Technology (ScienceIT) domain.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-25 Fengchen Liu , Jordan Jung , Wei Feinstein , Jeff DAmbrogia , Gary Jung

Ensuring that Large Language Models (LLMs) generate text representative of diverse sub-populations is essential, particularly when key concepts related to under-represented groups are scarce in the training data. We address this challenge…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-17 Sabit Hassan , Anthony Sicilia , Malihe Alikhani

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly integrated into real-world decision-making, including in the domain of public policy. Yet, their ability to comprehend and reason about policy-related content remains underexplored. To fill this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-15 Han Bao , Penghao Zhang , Yue Huang , Zhengqing Yuan , Yanchi Ru , Rui Su , Yujun Zhou , Xiangqi Wang , Kehan Guo , Nitesh V Chawla , Yanfang Ye , Xiangliang Zhang

Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) enhances the question-answering (QA) abilities of large language models (LLMs) by integrating external knowledge. However, adapting general-purpose RAG systems to specialized fields such as science and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-28 Ran Xu , Hui Liu , Sreyashi Nag , Zhenwei Dai , Yaochen Xie , Xianfeng Tang , Chen Luo , Yang Li , Joyce C. Ho , Carl Yang , Qi He