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Item difficulty plays a crucial role in adaptive testing. However, few works have focused on generating questions of varying difficulty levels, especially for multiple-choice (MC) cloze tests. We propose training pre-trained language models…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-05 Jingshen Zhang , Jiajun Xie , Xinying Qiu

Educational crosswords offer numerous benefits for students, including increased engagement, improved understanding, critical thinking, and memory retention. Creating high-quality educational crosswords can be challenging, but recent…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-28 Kamyar Zeinalipour , Tommaso laquinta , Asya Zanollo , Giovanni Angelini , Leonardo Rigutini , Marco Maggini , Marco Gori

Controlled generation refers to the problem of creating text that contains stylistic or semantic attributes of interest. Many approaches reduce this problem to training a predictor of the desired attribute. For example, researchers hoping…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-02 Carolina Zheng , Claudia Shi , Keyon Vafa , Amir Feder , David M. Blei

Recent advancements in self-attention neural network architectures have raised the bar for open-ended text generation. Yet, while current methods are capable of producing a coherent text which is several hundred words long, attaining…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-12-09 Eyal Orbach , Yoav Goldberg

The ability to generate natural-language questions with controlled complexity levels is highly desirable as it further expands the applicability of question generation. In this paper, we propose an end-to-end neural complexity-controllable…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-10-14 Sheng Bi , Xiya Cheng , Yuan-Fang Li , Lizhen Qu , Shirong Shen , Guilin Qi , Lu Pan , Yinlin Jiang

Generating multiple-choice questions (MCQs) with difficulty estimation remains challenging in automated MCQ-generation systems used in adaptive, AI-assisted education. This study proposes a novel methodology for generating MCQs with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Mehmet Can Şakiroğlu , H. Altay Güvenir , Kamer Kaya

This paper presents the first multi-objective transformer model for constructing open cloze tests that exploits generation and discrimination capabilities to improve performance. Our model is further enhanced by tweaking its loss function…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-04-18 Mariano Felice , Shiva Taslimipoor , Paula Buttery

We investigate the less-explored task of generating open-ended questions that are typically answered by multiple sentences. We first define a new question type ontology which differentiates the nuanced nature of questions better than widely…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-07-02 Shuyang Cao , Lu Wang

Scarcity of training data for task-oriented dialogue systems is a well known problem that is usually tackled with costly and time-consuming manual data annotation. An alternative solution is to rely on automatic text generation which,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-11-12 Stéphane d'Ascoli , Alice Coucke , Francesco Caltagirone , Alexandre Caulier , Marc Lelarge

Large language models (LM) based on Transformers allow to generate plausible long texts. In this paper, we explore how this generation can be further controlled at decoding time to satisfy certain constraints (e.g. being non-toxic,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-05-05 Antoine Chaffin , Vincent Claveau , Ewa Kijak

Abductive reasoning in knowledge graphs aims to generate plausible logical hypotheses from observed entities, with broad applications in areas such as clinical diagnosis and scientific discovery. However, due to a lack of controllability, a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-04 Yisen Gao , Jiaxin Bai , Tianshi Zheng , Qingyun Sun , Ziwei Zhang , Xingcheng Fu , Jianxin Li , Yangqiu Song

It has recently been shown that reinforcement learning can be used to train generators capable of producing high-quality game levels, with quality defined in terms of some user-specified heuristic. To ensure that these generators' output is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-05-10 Sam Earle , Maria Edwards , Ahmed Khalifa , Philip Bontrager , Julian Togelius

In education, open-ended quiz questions have become an important tool for assessing the knowledge of students. Yet, manually preparing such questions is a tedious task, and thus automatic question generation has been proposed as a possible…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-08-31 Kristiyan Vachev , Momchil Hardalov , Georgi Karadzhov , Georgi Georgiev , Ivan Koychev , Preslav Nakov

Controllable text generation (CTG) by large language models has a huge potential to transform education for teachers and students alike. Specifically, high quality and diverse question generation can dramatically reduce the load on teachers…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-04-14 Sabina Elkins , Ekaterina Kochmar , Jackie C. K. Cheung , Iulian Serban

Automatic question generation is an important technique that can improve the training of question answering, help chatbots to start or continue a conversation with humans, and provide assessment materials for educational purposes. Existing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-02-28 Bang Liu , Mingjun Zhao , Di Niu , Kunfeng Lai , Yancheng He , Haojie Wei , Yu Xu

To solve Math Word Problems, human students leverage diverse reasoning logic that reaches different possible equation solutions. However, the mainstream sequence-to-sequence approach of automatic solvers aims to decode a fixed solution…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-12-01 Yibin Shen , Qianying Liu , Zhuoyuan Mao , Zhen Wan , Fei Cheng , Sadao Kurohashi

Conversational agents are required to respond to their users not only with high quality (i.e. commonsense bearing) responses, but also considering multiple plausible alternative scenarios, reflecting the diversity in their responses.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Tianhui Zhang , Bei Peng , Danushka Bollegala

This study introduces 'clickbait spoiling', a novel technique designed to detect, categorize, and generate spoilers as succinct text responses, countering the curiosity induced by clickbait content. By leveraging a multi-task learning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-08 Sayantan Pal , Souvik Das , Rohini K. Srihari

Generative models have become a powerful tool for synthesizing training data in computer vision tasks. Current approaches solely focus on aligning generated images with the target dataset distribution. As a result, they capture only the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-08 Zerun Wang , Jiafeng Mao , Xueting Wang , Toshihiko Yamasaki

Mathematical reasoning serves as a crucial testbed for the intelligence of large language models (LLMs), and math word problems (MWPs) are a popular type of math problems. Most MWP datasets consist of problems containing only the necessary…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-17 Kaiqi Yang , Hang Li , Yucheng Chu , Zitao Liu , Mi Tian , Hui Liu