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The development of Large Language Models (LLMs) often confronts challenges stemming from the heavy reliance on human annotators in the reinforcement learning with human feedback (RLHF) framework, or the frequent and costly external queries…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Shangding Gu , Alois Knoll , Ming Jin

Automatic assessment of code, in particular to support education, is an important feature included in several Learning Management Systems (LMS), at least to some extent. Several kinds of assessments can be designed, such as exercises asking…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2019-11-28 Sébastien Combéfis , Guillaume de Moffarts

Despite decades of research and practice in automated software testing, several fundamental concepts remain ill-defined and under-explored, yet offer enormous potential real-world impact. We show that these concepts raise exciting new…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-05-15 Mark Harman , Peter O'Hearn , Shubho Sengupta

This study investigates the reliability of code generation by Large Language Models (LLMs), focusing on identifying and analyzing defects in the generated code. Despite the advanced capabilities of LLMs in automating code generation,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-08-27 Ali Mohammadi Esfahani , Nafiseh Kahani , Samuel A. Ajila

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used in software development, yet their tendency to generate insecure code remains a major barrier to real-world deployment. Existing secure code alignment methods often suffer from a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Tianyi Wu , Mingzhe Du , Yue Liu , Chengran Yang , Terry Yue Zhuo , Jiaheng Zhang , See-Kiong Ng

While recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have shown promise in automating test generation for regression testing, they often suffer from limited reasoning about program execution, resulting in stagnated coverage growth - a…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-01-28 Cuong Chi Le , Cuong Duc Van , Tung Duy Vu , Thai Minh Pham Vu , Hoang Nhat Phan , Huy Nhat Phan , Tien N. Nguyen

Unit tests represent the most basic level of testing within the software testing lifecycle and are crucial to ensuring software correctness. Designing and creating unit tests is a costly and labor-intensive process that is ripe for…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-07-31 Andrea Lops , Fedelucio Narducci , Azzurra Ragone , Michelantonio Trizio , Claudio Bartolini

Scaling test-time computation with reinforcement learning (RL) has emerged as a reliable path to improve large language models (LLM) reasoning ability. Yet, outcome-based reward often incentivizes models to be overconfident, leading to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Liaoyaqi Wang , Chunsheng Zuo , William Jurayj , Benjamin Van Durme , Anqi Liu

This paper explores a top-down approach to automating incremental advances in machine learning research through component-level innovation, facilitated by Large Language Models (LLMs). Our framework systematically generates novel…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-10 Shervin Ardeshir

Large language models (LLMs) have shown impressive promise in code generation, yet their progress remains limited by the shortage of large-scale datasets that are both diverse and well-aligned with human reasoning. Most existing resources…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Amal Abed , Ivan Lukic , Jörg K. H. Franke , Frank Hutter

The performance of large language model (LLM) systems depends not only on model weights, but also on their harness: the code that determines what information to store, retrieve, and present to the model. Yet harnesses are still designed…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Yoonho Lee , Roshen Nair , Qizheng Zhang , Kangwook Lee , Omar Khattab , Chelsea Finn

Code generation is a core application of large language models (LLMs), yet LLMs still frequently fail on complex programming tasks. Given its success in mathematical reasoning, test-time scaling approaches such as Process Reward Model…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Ruiyi Zhang , Peijia Qin , Qi Cao , Eric Xue , Pengtao Xie

In the field of software engineering, applying language models to the token sequence of source code is the state-of-art approach to build a code recommendation system. The syntax tree of source code has hierarchical structures. Ignoring the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-11-29 Yixiao Yang

Large language models (LLMs) have already revolutionized code generation, after being pretrained on publicly available code data. However, while various methods have been proposed to augment LLMs with retrieved knowledge and enhance the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-06 Shuyang Jiang , Yuhao Wang , Yu Wang

The advancement of large language models (LLMs) has significantly propelled the field of code generation. Previous work integrated reinforcement learning (RL) with compiler feedback for exploring the output space of LLMs to enhance code…

Function-level code generation leverages foundation Large Language Models (LLMs) to automatically produce source code with expected functionality. It has been widely investigated and applied in intelligent programming assistants, such as…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-01-22 Hao Wen , Yueheng Zhu , Chao Liu , Xiaoxue Ren , Weiwei Du , Meng Yan

Large language models (LLMs) are a new and powerful tool for a wide span of applications involving natural language and demonstrate impressive code generation abilities. The goal of this work is to automatically generate tests and use these…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-03-12 Christian Munley , Aaron Jarmusch , Sunita Chandrasekaran

Designing effective control policies for autonomous systems remains a fundamental challenge, traditionally addressed through reinforcement learning or manual engineering. While reinforcement learning has achieved remarkable success, it…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Ping Guo , Chao Li , Yinglan Feng , Chaoning Zhang

Reward design plays a pivotal role in the training of game AIs, requiring substantial domain-specific knowledge and human effort. In recent years, several studies have explored reward generation for training game agents and controlling…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-26 In-Chang Baek , Sung-Hyun Kim , Sam Earle , Zehua Jiang , Jin-Ha Noh , Julian Togelius , Kyung-Joong Kim

The Large Language Models (LLM) are increasingly being deployed in robotics to generate robot control programs for specific user tasks, enabling embodied intelligence. Existing methods primarily focus on LLM training and prompt design that…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-08-27 ZhenDong Chen , ZhanShang Nie , ShiXing Wan , JunYi Li , YongTian Cheng , Shuai Zhao