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The Symbolic Regression (SR) problem, where the goal is to find a regression function that does not have a pre-specified form but is any function that can be composed of a list of operators, is a hard problem in machine learning, both…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-15 Vernon Austel , Cristina Cornelio , Sanjeeb Dash , Joao Goncalves , Lior Horesh , Tyler Josephson , Nimrod Megiddo

Symbolic regression encompasses a family of search algorithms that aim to discover the best fitting function for a set of data without requiring an a priori specification of the model structure. The most successful and commonly used…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-08-20 Bogdan Burlacu

Symbolic regression is a machine learning method with the goal to produce interpretable results. Unlike other machine learning methods such as, e.g. random forests or neural networks, which are opaque, symbolic regression aims to model and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-07 Yousef A. Radwan , Gabriel Kronberger , Stephan Winkler

Symbolic regression is the process of identifying mathematical expressions that fit observed output from a black-box process. It is a discrete optimization problem generally believed to be NP-hard. Prior approaches to solving the problem…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2021-11-19 T. Nathan Mundhenk , Mikel Landajuela , Ruben Glatt , Claudio P. Santiago , Daniel M. Faissol , Brenden K. Petersen

Genetic programming (GP) is a commonly used approach to solve symbolic regression (SR) problems. Compared with the machine learning or deep learning methods that depend on the pre-defined model and the training dataset for solving SR…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2022-05-23 Baihe He , Qiang Lu , Qingyun Yang , Jake Luo , Zhiguang Wang

Symbolic regression (SR) aims to discover concise closed-form mathematical equations from data, a task fundamental to scientific discovery. However, the problem is highly challenging because closed-form equations lie in a complex…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-02 Samuel Holt , Zhaozhi Qian , Mihaela van der Schaar

Symbolic regression is the task of identifying a mathematical expression that best fits a provided dataset of input and output values. Due to the richness of the space of mathematical expressions, symbolic regression is generally a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-29 Mojtaba Valipour , Bowen You , Maysum Panju , Ali Ghodsi

Symbolic regression plays a crucial role in modern scientific research thanks to its capability of discovering concise and interpretable mathematical expressions from data. A key challenge lies in the search for parsimonious and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-12 Kai Ruan , Yilong Xu , Ze-Feng Gao , Yike Guo , Hao Sun , Ji-Rong Wen , Yang Liu

Symbolic regression is a type of discrete optimization problem that involves searching expressions that fit given data points. In many cases, other mathematical constraints about the unknown expression not only provide more information…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-02-16 Li Li , Minjie Fan , Rishabh Singh , Patrick Riley

Symbolic regression searches for analytic expressions that accurately describe studied phenomena. The main attraction of this approach is that it returns an interpretable model that can be insightful to users. Historically, the majority of…

Symbolic Regression (SR) tries to reveal the hidden equations behind observed data. However, most methods search within a discrete equation space, where the structural modifications of equations rarely align with their numerical behavior,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-25 Qian Li , Yuxiao Hu , Juncheng Liu , Yuntian Chen

In standard genetic programming (stdGP), solutions are varied by modifying their syntax, with uncertain effects on their semantics. Geometric-semantic genetic programming (GSGP), a popular variant of GP, effectively searches the semantic…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-01-31 Philipp Anthes , Dominik Sobania , Franz Rothlauf

Symbolic Regression (SR) plays a central role in scientific knowledge discovery by distilling mathematical equations from observational data. Most existing SR methods function within a bi-level optimization framework: an outer loop that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-25 Boxiao Wang , Kai Li , Zhiwei Chen , Yang Huang , Runxiang Wang , Ziwen Zhang , Yifan Zhang , Jian Cheng

Recent advancements in large language models (LLMs) have shown impressive versatility across various tasks. To eliminate their hallucinations, retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) has emerged as a powerful approach, leveraging external…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-30 Yuzheng Cai , Zhenyue Guo , Yiwen Pei , Wanrui Bian , Weiguo Zheng

Symbolic Regression (SR) can generate interpretable, concise expressions that fit a given dataset, allowing for more human understanding of the structure than black-box approaches. The addition of background knowledge (in the form of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-05 Charles Fox , Neil Tran , Nikki Nacion , Samiha Sharlin , Tyler R. Josephson

Neuro-encoded expression programming(NEEP) that aims to offer a novel continuous representation of combinatorial encoding for genetic programming methods is proposed in this paper. Genetic programming with linear representation uses…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2021-04-12 Aftab Anjum , Fengyang Sun , Lin Wang , Jeff Orchard

Symbolic Regression (SR) algorithms attempt to learn analytic expressions which fit data accurately and in a highly interpretable manner. Conventional SR suffers from two fundamental issues which we address here. First, these methods search…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2024-08-05 Deaglan J. Bartlett , Harry Desmond , Pedro G. Ferreira

Transformer Semantic Genetic Programming (TSGP) is a semantic search approach that uses a pre-trained transformer model as a variation operator to generate offspring programs with high semantic similarity to a given parent. Unlike other…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Philipp Anthes , Dominik Sobania , Franz Rothlauf

Graph representation of structured data can facilitate the extraction of stereoscopic features, and it has demonstrated excellent ability when working with deep learning systems, the so-called Graph Neural Networks (GNNs). Choosing a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-01-27 Yingfang Yuan , Wenjun Wang , George M. Coghill , Wei Pang

Symbolic Regression (SR) is a powerful technique for automatically discovering mathematical expressions from input data. Mainstream SR algorithms search for the optimal symbolic tree in a vast function space, but the increasing complexity…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Xinxin Li , Juan Zhang , Da Li , Xingyu Liu , Jin Xu , Junping Yin