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In this paper, we explore the integration of low-power, low-cost stacked intelligent metasurfaces (SIM) into cell-free (CF) massive multiple-input multiple-output (mMIMO) systems to enhance access point (AP) capabilities and address high…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2024-09-20 Enyu Shi , Jiayi Zhang , Yiyang Zhu , Jiancheng An , Chau Yuen , Bo Ai

Although reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) is a promising technology for shaping the propagation environment, it consists of a single-layer structure within inherent limitations regarding the number of beam steering patterns. Based…

Intelligent metasurfaces may be harnessed for realizing efficient holographic multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) systems, at a low hardware-cost and high energy-efficiency. As part of this family, we propose a hybrid beamforming…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Qingchao Li , Mohammed El-Hajjar , Chao Xu , Jiancheng An , Chau Yuen , Lajos Hanzo

Flexible intelligent metasurface (FIM) technology holds immense potential for increasing the spectral efficiency and energy efficiency of wireless networks. In contrast to traditional rigid reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RIS), an FIM…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-10-10 Hanwen Hu , Jiancheng An , Lu Gan , Naofal Al-Dhahir

Semantic communication (SemCom) powered by generative artificial intelligence enables highly efficient and reliable information transmission. However, it still necessitates the transmission of substantial amounts of data when dealing with…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Guojun Huang , Jiancheng An , Lu Gan , Dusit Niyato , Mérouane Debbah , Tie Jun Cui

Neural networks possess incredible capabilities for extracting abstract features from data. Electromagnetic computing harnesses wave propagation to execute computational operations. Metasurfaces, composed of subwavelength meta-atoms, are…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2026-01-23 Jiancheng An , Chau Yuen , Marco Di Renzo , Mehdi Bennis , Merouane Debbah , Lajos Hanzo

A flexible intelligent metasurface (FIM) is composed of an array of low-cost radiating elements, each of which can independently radiate electromagnetic signals and flexibly adjust its position through a 3D surface-morphing process. In our…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Jiancheng An , Chau Yuen , Marco Di Renzo , Mérouane Debbah , H. Vincent Poor , Lajos Hanzo

Leveraging the multilayer realization of programmable metasurfaces, stacked intelligent metasurfaces (SIM) enable fine-grained wave-domain control. However, their wideband deployment is impeded by two structural factors: (i) a single,…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-16 Zheao Li , Jiancheng An , Chau Yuen

Large-scale multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) systems are capable of achieving high date rate. However, given the high hardware cost and excessive power consumption of massive MIMO systems, as a remedy, intelligent metasurfaces have…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2024-05-17 Qingchao Li , Mohammed El-Hajjar , Chao Xu , Jiancheng An , Chau Yuen , Lajos Hanzo

Stacked intelligent metasurfaces (SIMs) facilitate computation by cascaded programmable layers so that part of the signal processing can be performed in the wave domain during signal propagation, rather than solely after reception. This…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-09 Mengbing Liu , Chau Yuen , Dusit Niyato , Bruno Clerckx , Lajos Hanzo

Flexible intelligent metasurfaces (FIMs) show great potential for improving the wireless network capacity in an energy-efficient manner. An FIM is a soft array consisting of several low-cost radiating elements. Each element can…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-03-12 Jiancheng An , Zhu Han , Dusit Niyato , Mérouane Debbah , Chau Yuen , Lajos Hanzo

Stacked intelligent metasurface (SIM) is an emerging design that consists of multiple layers of metasurfaces. A SIM enables holographic multiple-input multiple-output (HMIMO) precoding in the wave domain, which results in the reduction of…

Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) systems rely on digital or hybrid digital and analog designs for beamforming against frequency-selective fading, which suffer from high hardware…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-01-26 Zheao Li , Jiancheng An , Chau Yuen

Following recent advances in flexible electronics and programmable metasurfaces, flexible intelligent metasurfaces (FIMs) have emerged as a promising enabling technology for next-generation wireless networks. A FIM is a morphable…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-13 Ahmed Magbool , Vaibhav Kumar , Marco Di Renzo , Mark F. Flanagan

Stacked intelligent metasurfaces (SIMs) represent a key enabler for next-generation wireless networks, offering beamforming gains while significantly reducing radio-frequency chain requirements. In conventional space-only SIM architectures,…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-29 Donatella Darsena , Ivan Iudice , Vincenzo Galdi , Francesco Verde

Stacked intelligent metasurface (SIM) extends the concept of single-layer reconfigurable holographic surfaces (RHS) by incorporating a multi-layered structure, thereby providing enhanced control over electromagnetic wave propagation and…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-07-24 Junjie Fang , Chao Zhang , Jiancheng An , Hongwen Yu , Qingqing Wu , Mérouane Debbah , Chau Yuen

Flexible intelligent metasurface (FIM) has emerged as a transformative technology to enhance wireless sensing by dynamically morphing its three-dimensional (3D) surface shape and electromagnetic response. Unlike conventional rigid arrays,…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-07-01 Zihao Teng , Jiancheng An , Lu Gan , Naofal Al-Dhahir , Zhu Han

Stacked intelligent metasurfaces (SIMs) extend the concept of reconfigurable intelligent surfaces by cascading multiple programmable layers, enabling advanced electromagnetic wave transformations for communication and sensing applications.…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-24 Giuseppe Pettanice , Andrea Abrardo , Alberto Toccafondi , Marco Di Renzo

Stacked intelligent metasurfaces (SIM) is a revolutionary technology, which can outperform its single-layer counterparts by performing advanced signal processing relying on wave propagation. In this work, we exploit SIM to enable transmit…

Stacked intelligent metasurfaces (SIMs) represent a novel signal processing paradigm that enables over-the-air processing of electromagnetic waves at the speed of light. Their multi-layer architecture exhibits customizable computational…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-04-01 Hao Liu , Jiancheng An , George C. Alexandropoulos , Derrick Wing Kwan Ng , Chau Yuen , Lu Gan