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The rapid expansion of context window sizes in Large Language Models~(LLMs) has enabled them to tackle increasingly complex tasks involving lengthy documents. However, this progress comes at the cost of a substantial increase in memory…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Da Ma , Lu Chen , Situo Zhang , Yuxun Miao , Su Zhu , Zhi Chen , Hongshen Xu , Hanqi Li , Shuai Fan , Lei Pan , Kai Yu

Vision-Language Models (VLMs) have emerged as a critical and fast-growing extension of Large Language Models (LLMs) that enable multimodal reasoning through both text and image inputs. Although VLMs enrich the capabilities of language…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Yingbing Huang , Tharun Adithya Srikrishnan , Steven K. Reinhardt , Deming Chen

With the skyrocketing costs of GPUs and their virtual instances in the cloud, there is a significant desire to use CPUs for large language model (LLM) inference. KV cache update, often implemented as allocation, copying, and in-place…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Arun Ramachandran , Ramaswamy Govindarajan , Murali Annavaram , Prakash Raghavendra , Hossein Entezari Zarch , Lei Gao , Chaoyi Jiang

Large language models (LLMs) increasingly play an important role in a wide range of information processing and management tasks in industry. Many of these tasks are performed in large batches or even offline, and the performance indicator…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-23 Zhen Zheng , Xin Ji , Taosong Fang , Fanghao Zhou , Chuanjie Liu , Gang Peng

KV cache has traditionally been stored in GPU memory to accelerate the decoding phase of large language model (LLM) inference. However, it is increasingly necessary to move KV caches outside GPU devices, to enable cache reuse across…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-08 Yuhan Liu , Yihua Cheng , Jiayi Yao , Yuwei An , Xiaokun Chen , Shaoting Feng , Yuyang Huang , Samuel Shen , Rui Zhang , Kuntai Du , Junchen Jiang

The widespread of Large Language Models (LLMs) marks a significant milestone in generative AI. Nevertheless, the increasing context length and batch size in offline LLM inference escalate the memory requirement of the key-value (KV) cache,…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-09-10 Xiurui Pan , Endian Li , Qiao Li , Shengwen Liang , Yizhou Shan , Ke Zhou , Yingwei Luo , Xiaolin Wang , Jie Zhang

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly expected to operate over long contexts, yet standard softmax attention incurs a KV cache that grows linearly with sequence length, quickly becoming the bottleneck for long context inference. A…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Xintong Yang , Hao Gu , Binxing Xu , Lujun Li , Bei Liu , Jiacheng Liu , Qiyuan Zhu , Sirui Han , Yike Guo

Deploying large language models (LLMs) for online inference is often constrained by limited GPU memory, particularly due to the growing KV cache during auto-regressive decoding. Hybrid GPU-CPU execution has emerged as a promising solution…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-01-16 Jiakun Fan , Yanglin Zhang , Xiangchen Li , Dimitrios S. Nikolopoulos

The Compute Express Link (CXL) technology facilitates the extension of CPU memory through byte-addressable SerDes links and cascaded switches, creating complex heterogeneous memory systems where CPU access to various endpoints differs in…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-11-06 Yiqi Chen , Xiping Dong , Zhe Zhou , Zhao Wang , Jie Zhang , Guangyu Sun

Scaling inference for large language models (LLMs) is increasingly constrained by limited GPU memory, especially due to growing key-value (KV) caches required for long-context generation. While existing approaches offload KV caches to CPU…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Weishu Deng , Yujie Yang , Peiran Du , Lingfeng Xiang , Zhen Lin , Chen Zhong , Song Jiang , Hui Lu , Jia Rao

Transformer-based large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable potential across a wide range of practical applications. However, long-context inference remains a significant challenge due to the substantial memory requirements…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-01-09 Bo Jiang , Taolue Yang , Youyuan Liu , Xubin He , Sheng Di , Sian Jin

Large Language Models (LLMs) are becoming increasingly data-intensive due to growing model sizes, and they are becoming memory-bound as the context length and, consequently, the key-value (KV) cache size increase. Inference, particularly…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Khyati Kiyawat , Zhenxing Fan , Yasas Seneviratne , Morteza Baradaran , Akhil Shekar , Zihan Xia , Mingu Kang , Kevin Skadron

Large language model (LLM) serving is now limited by the key-value (KV) cache. During decode, each new token rereads prior KV state, so attention becomes a bandwidth- and capacity-heavy memory task. HBM-PIM helps by moving attention closer…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Zhuoran Li , Zhuohang Bian , Zihao Huang , Guangyu Sun , Yun Liang , Youwei Zhuo

KV cache pruning has emerged as a promising technique for reducing memory and computation costs in long-context auto-regressive generation. Existing methods for vision-language models (VLMs) typically rely on self-attention scores from…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-12-09 Xiaohuan Pei , Tao Huang , Chang Xu

Long-context Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) demand substantial computational resources for inference as the growth of their multimodal Key-Value (KV) cache, in response to increasing input lengths, challenges memory and time…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-27 Zhongwei Wan , Ziang Wu , Che Liu , Jinfa Huang , Zhihong Zhu , Peng Jin , Longyue Wang , Li Yuan

Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) have recently demonstrated strong capabilities in understanding and generating responses from diverse visual inputs, including high-resolution images and long video sequences. As these models scale…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Junwan Kim , Hyunkyung Bae

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in scenarios demanding ultra-long context reasoning, such as agentic workflows and deep research understanding. However, long-context inference is constrained by the KV cache, a…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-03-11 Jianlong Lei , Shashikant Ilager

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly used in applications requiring long context lengths, but the key-value (KV) cache often becomes a memory bottleneck on GPUs as context grows. To address this, we propose Commutative Vector…

We present context parallelism for long-context large language model inference, which achieves near-linear scaling for long-context prefill latency with up to 128 H100 GPUs across 16 nodes. Particularly, our method achieves 1M context…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-04-22 Amy Yang , Jingyi Yang , Aya Ibrahim , Xinfeng Xie , Bangsheng Tang , Grigory Sizov , Jeremy Reizenstein , Jongsoo Park , Jianyu Huang

Compute-Near-Memory (CNM) systems offer a promising approach to mitigate the von Neumann bottleneck by bringing computational units closer to data. However, optimizing for these architectures remains challenging due to their unique hardware…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2025-08-18 Hamid Farzaneh , Asif Ali Khan , Jeronimo Castrillon