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Advances in large language models have accelerated progress in text-to-SQL, methods for converting natural language queries into valid SQL queries. A key bottleneck for developing generalizable text-to-SQL models is the lack of large-scale…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-02-27 Cornelius Wolff , Daniel Gomm , Madelon Hulsebos

Text-to-SQL systems (also known as NL-to-SQL systems) have become an increasingly popular solution for bridging the gap between user capabilities and SQL-based data access. These systems translate user requests in natural language to valid…

Databases · Computer Science 2024-12-02 Jonathan Fürst , Catherine Kosten , Farhad Nooralahzadeh , Yi Zhang , Kurt Stockinger

Recent text-to-SQL models have achieved strong performance, but their effectiveness remains largely confined to SQLite due to dataset limitations. However, real-world applications require SQL generation across multiple dialects with varying…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-26 Jipeng Zhang , Haolin Yang , Kehao Miao , Ruiyuan Zhang , Renjie Pi , Jiahui Gao , Xiaofang Zhou

Recent advances in Text-to-SQL have achieved strong results in static, single-turn tasks, where models generate SQL queries from natural language questions. However, these systems fall short in real-world interactive scenarios, where user…

Databases · Computer Science 2025-11-14 Linzhuang Sun , Tianyu Guo , Hao Liang , Yuying Li , Qifeng Cai , Jingxuan Wei , Bihui Yu , Wentao Zhang , Bin Cui

Calibration is crucial as large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed to convert natural language queries into SQL for commercial databases. In this work, we investigate calibration techniques for assigning confidence to…

Databases · Computer Science 2024-11-28 Ashwin Ramachandran , Sunita Sarawagi

The goal of database question answering is to enable natural language querying of real-life relational databases in diverse application domains. Recently, large-scale datasets such as Spider and WikiSQL facilitated novel modeling techniques…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-23 Chia-Hsuan Lee , Oleksandr Polozov , Matthew Richardson

This work reframes the Text-to-SQL task as a pathway for teaching large language models (LLMs) to reason over and manipulate tabular data--moving beyond the traditional focus on query generation. We propose a two-stage framework that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-05 Josefa Lia Stoisser , Marc Boubnovski Martell , Julien Fauqueur

Conversational text-to-SQL aims at converting multi-turn natural language queries into their corresponding SQL (Structured Query Language) representations. One of the most intractable problems of conversational text-to-SQL is modelling the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-07-27 Yuntao Li , Hanchu Zhang , Yutian Li , Sirui Wang , Wei Wu , Yan Zhang

Interacting with relational databases through natural language helps users of any background easily query and analyze a vast amount of data. This requires a system that understands users' questions and converts them to SQL queries…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-04-27 Tao Yu , Zifan Li , Zilin Zhang , Rui Zhang , Dragomir Radev

Speech-to-SQL (S2SQL) aims to convert spoken questions into SQL queries given relational databases, which has been traditionally implemented in a cascaded manner while facing the following challenges: 1) model training is faced with the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-23 Huadai Liu , Rongjie Huang , Jinzheng He , Gang Sun , Ran Shen , Xize Cheng , Zhou Zhao

Text-to-SQLs enables non-expert users to effortlessly retrieve desired information from relational databases using natural language queries. While recent advancements, particularly with Large Language Models (LLMs) like GPT and T5, have…

Databases · Computer Science 2024-10-04 Shouvon Sarker , Xishuang Dong , Xiangfang Li , Lijun Qian

Text-to-SQL systems powered by Large Language Models have excelled on academic benchmarks but struggle in complex enterprise environments. The primary limitation lies in their reliance on static schema representations, which fails to…

Databases · Computer Science 2026-02-20 Bowen Cao , Weibin Liao , Yushi Sun , Dong Fang , Haitao Li , Wai Lam

Text-to-SQL technology has evolved rapidly, with diverse academic methods achieving impressive results. However, deploying these techniques in real-world systems remains challenging due to limited integration tools. Despite these advances,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-29 Yihan Wang , Peiyu Liu , Runyu Chen , Jiaxing Pu , Wei Xu

Several large-scale datasets (e.g., WikiSQL, Spider) for developing natural language interfaces to databases have recently been proposed. These datasets cover a wide breadth of domains but fall short on some essential domains, such as…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-13 Rahul Kumar , Amar Raja Dibbu , Shrutendra Harsola , Vignesh Subrahmaniam , Ashutosh Modi

Text-to-SQL enables users to interact with databases through natural language, simplifying the retrieval and synthesis of information. Despite the success of large language models (LLMs) in converting natural language questions into SQL…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-23 Oleg Somov , Elena Tutubalina

Large Language Models (LLMs) exhibit impressive problem-solving skills across many tasks, but they still underperform compared to humans in various downstream applications, such as text-to-SQL. On the BIRD benchmark leaderboard, human…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-21 Zhibo Chu , Zichong Wang , Qitao Qin

The capability gap between open-source and closed-source large language models (LLMs) remains a challenge in text-to-SQL tasks. In this paper, we introduce a synthetic data approach that combines data produced by larger, more powerful…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-07 Jiaxi Yang , Binyuan Hui , Min Yang , Jian Yang , Junyang Lin , Chang Zhou

Addressing the mismatch between natural language descriptions and the corresponding SQL queries is a key challenge for text-to-SQL translation. To bridge this gap, we propose an SQL intermediate representation (IR) called Natural SQL…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-14 Yujian Gan , Xinyun Chen , Jinxia Xie , Matthew Purver , John R. Woodward , John Drake , Qiaofu Zhang

Text-to-SQL is a technology that converts natural language queries into the structured query language SQL. A novel research approach that has recently gained attention focuses on methods based on the complexity of SQL queries, achieving…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-14 Jiawen Yi , Guo Chen , Zixiang Shen

While large language models (LLMs) have substantially improved Text-to-SQL generation, a pronounced gap remains between AI systems and human experts on challenging benchmarks such as BIRD-SQL. We argue this gap stems largely from the…