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Current quantum devices support interactions only between physically adjacent qubits, preventing quantum circuits from being directly executed on these devices. Therefore, SWAP gates are required to remap logical qubits to physical qubits,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-05-15 Kang Xu , Zeyang Li , Xinjian Liu , Dandan Li , Yukun Wang

Most quantum circuits require SWAP gate insertion to run on quantum hardware with limited qubit connectivity. A promising SWAP gate insertion method for blocks of commuting two-qubit gates is a predetermined swap strategy which applies…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-08-01 Atsushi Matsuo , Shigeru Yamashita , Daniel J. Egger

We propose a novel hierarchical qubit mapping and routing algorithm. First, a circuit is decomposed into blocks that span an identical number of qubits. In the second stage permutation-aware synthesis (PAS), each block is optimized and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-05-05 Ji Liu , Ed Younis , Mathias Weiden , Paul Hovland , John Kubiatowicz , Costin Iancu

Current quantum devices typically lack full qubit connectivity, making it difficult to directly execute logical circuits on quantum devices. This limitation necessitates quantum circuit mapping algorithms to insert SWAP gates, dynamically…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-03-11 Kang Xu , Yukun Wang , Dandan Li

Quantum hardware development is progressing rapidly with substantial advancements achieved across leading platforms, including superconducting circuits, trapped-ion systems, and neutral atom arrays. As the pursuit of practical quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-05-26 Chenghong Zhu , Xian Wu , Zhaohui Yang , Jingbo Wang , Anbang Wu , Shenggen Zheng , Xin Wang

Compiling a high-level quantum circuit down to a low-level description that can be executed on state-of-the-art quantum computers is a crucial part of the software stack for quantum computing. One step in compiling a quantum circuit to some…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-04-20 Tom Peham , Lukas Burgholzer , Robert Wille

To evaluate a quantum circuit on a quantum processor, one must find a mapping from circuit qubits to processor qubits and plan the instruction execution while satisfying the processor's constraints. This is known as the qubit mapping and…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2026-01-22 Abtin Molavi , Amanda Xu , Ethan Cecchetti , Swamit Tannu , Aws Albarghouthi

The recent progress in the physical realization of quantum computers (the first publicly available ones--IBM's QX architectures--have been launched in 2017) has motivated research on automatic methods that aid users in running quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-01-11 Robert Wille , Lukas Burgholzer , Alwin Zulehner

Quantum algorithms need to be compiled to respect the constraints imposed by quantum processors, which is known as the mapping problem. The mapping procedure will result in an increase of the number of gates and of the circuit latency,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-07-05 Lingling Lao , Hans van Someren , Imran Ashraf , Carmen G. Almudever

A critical step in quantum compilation is the transformation of a technology-independent quantum circuit into a technology-dependent form for a targeted device. In addition to mapping quantum gates into the supported gate set, it is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-05-04 Kaitlin Smith , Mathias Soeken , Bruno Schmitt , Giovanni De Micheli , Mitchell Thornton

The ability to connect distant qubits plays a fundamental role in quantum computing. Therefore, quantum systems candidates for quantum computation must be able to interact all their constituent qubits. Here, we model the quantum dot spin…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-10-26 Iann Cunha , Leonardo Kleber Castelano

In this work we propose a high-quality decomposition approach for qubit routing by swap insertion. This optimization problem arises in the context of compiling quantum algorithms onto specific quantum hardware. Our approach decomposes the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-05-15 Friedrich Wagner , Andreas Bärmann , Frauke Liers , Markus Weissenbäck

Quantum circuit transformation (QCT, a.k.a. qubit mapping) is a critical step in quantum circuit compilation. Typically, QCT is achieved by finding an appropriate initial mapping and using SWAP gates to route the qubits such that all…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-08-03 Sanjiang Li , Ky Dan Nguyen , Zachary Clare , Yuan Feng

In near-term quantum computing devices, connectivity between qubits remain limited by architectural constraints. A computational circuit with given connectivity requirements necessary for multi-qubit gates have to be embedded within…

Quantum computers with a limited qubit connectivity require inserting SWAP gates for qubit routing, which increases gate execution errors and the impact of environmental noise due to an overhead in circuit depth. In this work, we benchmark…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-02-07 Vicente Pina-Canelles , Adrian Auer , Inés de Vega

A quantum circuit must be preprocessed before implementing on NISQ devices due to the connectivity constraint. Quantum circuit mapping (QCM) transforms the circuit into an equivalent one that is compliant with the NISQ device's architecture…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-07-19 Pengcheng Zhu , Shenggen Zheng , Lihua Wei , Xueyun Cheng , Zhijin Guan , Shiguang Feng

The emerging paradigm of distributed quantum computing promises a potential solution to scaling quantum computing to currently unfeasible dimensions. While this approach itself is still in its infancy, and many obstacles must still be…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-26 Leo Sünkel , Jonas Stein , Maximilian Zorn , Thomas Gabor , Claudia Linnhoff-Popien

Qubit mapping/routing is a critical stage in compilation for both near-term and fault-tolerant quantum computers, yet existing scalable methods typically impose several times the routing overhead in terms of circuit depth or duration. This…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-05 Zhaohui Yang , Kai Zhang , Xinyang Tian , Xiangyu Ren , Yingjian Liu , Yunfeng Li , Dawei Ding , Jianxin Chen , Yuan Xie

We propose a scheme for scalable and robust quantum computing on two-dimensional arrays of qubits with fixed longitudinal coupling. This opens the possibility for bypassing the device complexity associated with tunable couplers required in…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-03-08 Nguyen H. Le , Max Cykiert , Eran Ginossar

With one- and two-qubit gate fidelities approaching the fault-tolerance threshold for spin qubits in silicon, how to scale up the architecture and make large arrays of spin qubits become the more pressing challenges. In a scaled-up…