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Related papers: e1: Learning Adaptive Control of Reasoning Effort

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Solving mathematics problems has been an intriguing capability of large language models, and many efforts have been made to improve reasoning by extending reasoning length, such as through self-correction and extensive long…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-03 Zishun Yu , Tengyu Xu , Di Jin , Karthik Abinav Sankararaman , Yun He , Wenxuan Zhou , Zhouhao Zeng , Eryk Helenowski , Chen Zhu , Sinong Wang , Hao Ma , Han Fang

Long chain-of-thought~(CoT) has become a dominant paradigm for enhancing the reasoning capability of large reasoning models~(LRMs); however, the performance gains often come with a substantial increase in reasoning budget. Recent studies…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Jie Cao , Tianwei Lin , Zhenxuan Fan , Bo Yuan , Ziyuan Zhao , Rolan Yan , Wenqiao Zhang , Siliang Tang

Reasoning LLMs often spend substantial tokens on long intermediate reasoning traces (e.g., chain-of-thought) when solving new problems. We propose to summarize and store reusable reasoning skills distilled from extensive deliberation and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Guangxiang Zhao , Qilong Shi , Xusen Xiao , Xiangzheng Zhang , Tong Yang , Lin Sun

Recent research enhances language model reasoning by scaling test-time compute via longer chain-of-thought traces. This often improves accuracy but also introduces redundancy and high computational cost, especially for small language models…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-26 Xuechen Zhang , Zijian Huang , Chenshun Ni , Ziyang Xiong , Jiasi Chen , Samet Oymak

In human-in-the-loop reinforcement learning or environments where calculating a reward is expensive, the costly rewards can make learning efficiency challenging to achieve. The cost of obtaining feedback from humans or calculating expensive…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-03 Muhammed Yusuf Satici , David L. Roberts

Large language models (LLMs) can achieve strong reasoning performance with sufficient computation, but they do not inherently know how much computation a task requires. We study budgeted inference-time reasoning for multiple tasks under a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-08 Muyang Zhao , Qi Qi , Hao Sun

Recent advances have established a new machine learning paradigm based on scaling up compute at inference time as well as at training time. In that line of work, a combination of Supervised Fine-Tuning (SFT) on synthetic demonstrations and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Corrado Rainone , Tim Bakker , Roland Memisevic

Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have made reasoning a central benchmark for evaluating intelligence. While prior surveys focus on efficiency by examining how to shorten reasoning chains or reduce computation, this view…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-01 Chao Wu , Baoheng Li , Mingchen Gao , Yu Tian , Zhenyi Wang

Aiming at efficient and dense chain-of-thought (CoT) reasoning, latent reasoning methods fine-tune Large Language Models (LLMs) to substitute discrete language tokens with continuous latent tokens. These methods consume fewer tokens…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Zhi Zheng , Wee Sun Lee

Large language models increasingly rely on long chains of thought to improve accuracy, yet such gains come with substantial inference-time costs. We revisit token-efficient post-training and argue that existing sequence-level reward-shaping…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Yinhan He , Yaochen Zhu , Mingjia Shi , Wendy Zheng , Lin Su , Xiaoqing Wang , Qi Guo , Jundong Li

Scaling large language models by increasing parameters and training data is increasingly constrained by limited high-quality corpora and rising communication costs. This work explores an alternative axis: increasing per-token computation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-11 Boyi Zeng , Yiqin Hao , He Li , Shixiang Song , Feichen Song , Zitong Wang , Siyuan Huang , Yi Xu , ZiWei He , Xinbing Wang , Zhouhan Lin

Decoding from large language models (LLMs) typically relies on fixed sampling hyperparameters (e.g., temperature, top-p), despite substantial variation in task difficulty and uncertainty across prompts and individual decoding steps. We…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Chloe H. Su , Zhe Ye , Samuel Tenka , Aidan Yang , Soonho Kong , Udaya Ghai

Reinforcement learning substantially improves reasoning in large language models, but it also tends to lengthen chain of thought outputs and increase computational cost during both training and inference. Though length control methods have…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-12 Daisuke Nohara , Taishi Nakamura , Rio Yokota

Search-augmented reasoning agents interleave multi-step reasoning with external information retrieval, but uncontrolled retrieval often leads to redundant evidence, context saturation, and unstable learning. Existing approaches rely on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Siheng Xiong , Oguzhan Gungordu , Blair Johnson , James C. Kerce , Faramarz Fekri

Large reasoning models (LRMs) improve problem solving through extended reasoning, but often misallocate test-time compute. Existing efficiency methods reduce cost by compressing reasoning traces or conditioning budget on perceived…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Zhaomeng Zhou , Lan Zhang , Junyang Wang , Mu Yuan , Junda Lin

Test-time scaling methods have seen a rapid increase in popularity for its computational efficiency and parameter-independent training to improve reasoning performance on Large Language Models. One such method is called budget forcing, a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-27 Ravindra Aribowo Tarunokusumo , Rafael Fernandes Cunha

Reasoning large language models achieve impressive test-time scaling by thinking for longer, but this performance gain comes at significant compute cost. Directly limiting test-time budget hurts overall performance, but not all problems are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Menghua Wu , Cai Zhou , Stephen Bates , Tommi Jaakkola

Token-level adaptive computation seeks to reduce inference cost by allocating more computation to harder tokens and less to easier ones. However, prior work is primarily evaluated on natural-language benchmarks using task-level metrics,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Ibraheem Muhammad Moosa , Suhas Lohit , Ye Wang , Moitreya Chatterjee , Wenpeng Yin

Large Language Models utilizing reasoning techniques improve task performance but incur significant latency and token costs due to verbose generation. Existing automatic prompt optimization(APO) frameworks target task accuracy exclusively…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-17 Deep Shah , Sanket Badhe , Nehal Kathrotia , Priyanka Tiwari

Large reasoning models (LRMs) achieve impressive reasoning capabilities by generating lengthy chain-of-thoughts, but this "overthinking" incurs high latency and cost without commensurate accuracy gains. In this work, we introduce AALC, a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-11 Ruosen Li , Ziming Luo , Quan Zhang , Ruochen Li , Ben Zhou , Ali Payani , Xinya Du