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This study investigates the efficacy of Large Language Models (LLMs) in causal discovery. Using newly available open-source LLMs, OLMo and BLOOM, which provide access to their pre-training corpora, we investigate how LLMs address causal…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-13 Tao Feng , Lizhen Qu , Niket Tandon , Zhuang Li , Xiaoxi Kang , Gholamreza Haffari

Causal machine learning (CML) has experienced increasing popularity in healthcare. Beyond the inherent capabilities of adding domain knowledge into learning systems, CML provides a complete toolset for investigating how a system would react…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-01 Pedro Sanchez , Jeremy P. Voisey , Tian Xia , Hannah I. Watson , Alison Q. ONeil , Sotirios A. Tsaftaris

Time series domain adaptation aims to transfer the complex temporal dependence from the labeled source domain to the unlabeled target domain. Recent advances leverage the stable causal mechanism over observed variables to model the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Ruichu Cai , Junxian Huang , Zhenhui Yang , Zijian Li , Emadeldeen Eldele , Min Wu , Fuchun Sun

Causality has been combined with machine learning to produce robust representations for domain generalization. Most existing methods of this type require massive data from multiple domains to identify causal features by cross-domain…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-01 Yang Chen , Yitao Liang , Zhouchen Lin

The aim in many sciences is to understand the mechanisms that underlie the observed distribution of variables, starting from a set of initial hypotheses. Causal discovery allows us to infer mechanisms as sets of cause and effect…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-05 Ashka Shah , Adela DePavia , Nathaniel Hudson , Ian Foster , Rick Stevens

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown their success in language understanding and reasoning on general topics. However, their capability to perform inference based on user-specified structured data and knowledge in corpus-rare concepts,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-29 Haitao Jiang , Lin Ge , Yuhe Gao , Jianian Wang , Rui Song

Real-world problems, for example in climate applications, often require causal reasoning on spatially gridded time series data or data with comparable structure. While the underlying system is often believed to behave similarly at different…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-16 Martin Rabel , Jakob Runge

In this note we explore a fully unsupervised deep-learning framework for simulating non-linear structural equation models from observational training data. The main contribution of this note is an architecture for applying moment-matching…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-07-28 Michael Park

Machine learning models achieve state-of-the-art performance on many supervised learning tasks. However, prior evidence suggests that these models may learn to rely on shortcut biases or spurious correlations (intuitively, correlations that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-08-31 Sindhu C. M. Gowda , Shalmali Joshi , Haoran Zhang , Marzyeh Ghassemi

We propose a novel spatially-correlative loss that is simple, efficient and yet effective for preserving scene structure consistency while supporting large appearance changes during unpaired image-to-image (I2I) translation. Previous…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-04-05 Chuanxia Zheng , Tat-Jen Cham , Jianfei Cai

On time-series data, most causal discovery methods fit a new model whenever they encounter samples from a new underlying causal graph. However, these samples often share relevant information which is lost when following this approach.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-24 Sindy Löwe , David Madras , Richard Zemel , Max Welling

Current approaches which are mainly based on the extraction of low-level relations among individual events are limited by the shortage of publicly available labelled data. Therefore, the resulting models perform poorly when applied to a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-11-30 Farhad Moghimifar , Gholamreza Haffari , Mahsa Baktashmotlagh

Causality understanding between events is a critical natural language processing task that is helpful in many areas, including health care, business risk management and finance. On close examination, one can find a huge amount of textual…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-02-01 Vivek Khetan , Roshni Ramnani , Mayuresh Anand , Shubhashis Sengupta , Andrew E. Fano

Causal deep learning (CDL) is a new and important research area in the larger field of machine learning. With CDL, researchers aim to structure and encode causal knowledge in the extremely flexible representation space of deep learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-05 Jeroen Berrevoets , Krzysztof Kacprzyk , Zhaozhi Qian , Mihaela van der Schaar

Causal interventions in language model representations have largely targeted discrete features, like grammatical number. However, language models must also make use of features that are graded. We introduce a method for causal intervention…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Zhenghao Herbert Zhou , R. Thomas McCoy , Robert Frank

Current clinical decision support systems (CDSSs) typically base their predictions on correlation, not causation. In recent years, causal machine learning (ML) has emerged as a promising way to improve decision-making with CDSSs by offering…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-04-17 Domenique Zipperling , Lukas Schmidt , Benedikt Hahn , Niklas Kühl , Steven Kimbrough

Deep learning models usually suffer from domain shift issues, where models trained on one source domain do not generalize well to other unseen domains. In this work, we investigate the single-source domain generalization problem: training a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-04-24 Cheng Ouyang , Chen Chen , Surui Li , Zeju Li , Chen Qin , Wenjia Bai , Daniel Rueckert

Deep generative models have shown tremendous capability in data density estimation and data generation from finite samples. While these models have shown impressive performance by learning correlations among features in the data, some…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-24 Aneesh Komanduri , Xintao Wu , Yongkai Wu , Feng Chen

In many problems, the measured variables (e.g., image pixels) are just mathematical functions of the latent causal variables (e.g., the underlying concepts or objects). For the purpose of making predictions in changing environments or…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-13 Kun Zhang , Shaoan Xie , Ignavier Ng , Yujia Zheng

Learning causal relationships from time series data is an important but challenging problem. Existing synthetic datasets often contain hidden artifacts that can be exploited by causal discovery methods, reducing their usefulness for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-23 Xiaoyu He , Petr Ryšavý , Jakub Mareček