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Real-world optimization problems must undergo a series of transformations before becoming solvable on current quantum hardware. Even for a fixed problem, the number of possible transformation paths -- from industry-relevant formulations…

Many combinatorial optimization problems admit a maximin fairness variant, where the aim is to find a distribution over possible solutions which maximizes an expected worst-case outcome. However, the support for an optimal distribution may…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-17 Bao Bach , Cameron Ibrahim , Reuben Tate , Jad Salem , Stephan Eidenbenz , Ilya Safro

The Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) uses a quantum computer to implement a variational method with $2p$ layers of alternating unitary operators, optimized by a classical computer to minimize a cost function. While rigorous…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-11-19 Raimel A. Medina , Maksym Serbyn

This article consists of a short introduction to the quantum approximation optimisation algorithm (QAOA). The mathematical structure of the QAOA, as well as its basic properties, are described. The implementation of the QAOA on MaxCut…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-03-25 Behzad Mansouri

The quantum approximate optimization algorithm (QAOA) has numerous promising applications in solving the combinatorial optimization problems on near-term Noisy Intermediate Scalable Quantum (NISQ) devices. QAOA has a quantum-classical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-02-17 Xinwei Lee , Yoshiyuki Saito , Dongsheng Cai , Nobuyoshi Asai

The Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) is a standard method for combinatorial optimization with a gate-based quantum computer. The QAOA consists of a particular ansatz for the quantum circuit architecture, together with a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-04-28 Li Li , Minjie Fan , Marc Coram , Patrick Riley , Stefan Leichenauer

The Quantum Approximate Optimisation Algorithm (QAOA) is a hybrid quantum-classical algorithm for solving combinatorial optimisation problems. QAOA encodes solutions into the ground state of a Hamiltonian, approximated by a $p$-level…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-05-16 V Vijendran , Dax Enshan Koh , Eunok Bae , Hyukjoon Kwon , Ping Koy Lam , Syed M Assad

The Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) is a prominent quantum algorithm designed to find approximate solutions to combinatorial optimization problems, which are challenging for classical computers. In the current era, where…

The Vehicle Routing Problem (VRP) is a fundamental combinatorial optimization challenge with broad applications in logistics and transportation. In this work, we present a quantum-assisted framework that integrates the Quantum Approximate…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-28 Talha Azfar , Osama Muhammad Raisuddin , Ruimin Ke , Jose Holguin-Veras

In the search for quantum advantage in real--world problems, one promising avenue is to use a quantum algorithm to improve on the solution found using an efficient classical algorithm. The quantum approximate optimization algorithm (QAOA)…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-07-25 Yunlong Yu , Xiang-Bin Wang , Nic Shannon , Robert Joynt

We study variational quantum algorithms from the perspective of free fermions. By deriving the explicit structure of the associated Lie algebras, we show that the Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) on a one-dimensional…

The Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) adopts a hybrid quantum-classical approach to find approximate solutions to variational optimization problems. In fact, it relies on a classical subroutine to optimize the parameters of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-07-31 Simone Tibaldi , Davide Vodola , Edoardo Tignone , Elisa Ercolessi

We propose a hierarchical quantum approximate optimization framework for solving large-scale Vehicle Routing Problems (VRP) using Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA). The method decomposes a VRP instance into balanced clusters…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-12 Shreetam Dash , Shreya Banerjee , Prasanta K. Panigrahi

Combinatorial optimization problems are considered to be an application, where quantum computing can have transformative impact. In the industrial context, job shop scheduling problems that aim at finding the optimal schedule for a set of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-02-12 Mathias Schmid , Sarah Braun , Rudolf Sollacher , Michael J. Hartmann

Determining Hamiltonian ground states and energies is a challenging task with many possible approaches on quantum computers. While variational quantum eigensolvers are popular approaches for near term hardware, adiabatic state preparation…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-10-28 Vladimir Kremenetski , Tad Hogg , Stuart Hadfield , Stephen J. Cotton , Norm M. Tubman

Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) is a quantum-classical hybrid algorithm proposed with the goal of approximately solving combinatorial optimization problems such as the MAX-CUT problem. It has been considered a potential…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-26 Eunok Bae , Hyukjoon Kwon , V Vijendran , Soojoon Lee

Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) is one of the most short-term promising quantum-classical algorithm to solve unconstrained combinatorial optimization problems. It alternates between the execution of a parametrized quantum…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-11-18 Camille Grange , Marion Lavignac , Valentina Pozzoli , Eric Bourreau

We introduce a variational algorithm based on the quantum alternating operator ansatz (QAOA) for the approximate solution of computationally hard counting problems. Our algorithm, dubbed VQCount, is based on the equivalence between random…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-16 Julien Drapeau , Shreya Banerjee , Stefanos Kourtis

The Quantum Alternating Operator Ansatz (QAOA) is a hybrid classical-quantum algorithm that aims to sample the optimal solution(s) of discrete combinatorial optimization problems. We present optimized QAOA circuit constructions for sampling…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-12-04 Elijah Pelofske , Andreas Bärtschi , John Golden , Stephan Eidenbenz

Constrained combinatorial optimization problems are challenging for quantum computing, particularly at utility-relevant scales and on near-term hardware. At the same time, these problems are of practical significance in industry; for…