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Understanding how the structure of language can be learned from sentences alone is a central question in both cognitive science and machine learning. Studies of the internal representations of Large Language Models (LLMs) support their…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-02-10 Jack T. Parley , Francesco Cagnetta , Matthieu Wyart

We obtain new explicit pseudorandom generators for several computational models involving groups. Our main results are as follows: 1. We consider read-once group-products over a finite group $G$, i.e., tests of the form $\prod_{i=1}^n…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2025-06-05 Chin Ho Lee , Emanuele Viola

This paper investigates whether sequence models can learn to perform numerical algorithms, e.g. gradient descent, on the fundamental problem of least squares. Our goal is to inherit two properties of standard algorithms from numerical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-18 Jerry Liu , Jessica Grogan , Owen Dugan , Ashish Rao , Simran Arora , Atri Rudra , Christopher Ré

We introduce the Romu family of pseudo-random number generators (PRNGs) which combines the nonlinear operation of rotation with the linear operations of multiplication and (optionally) addition. Compared to conventional linear-only PRNGs,…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2020-02-27 Mark A. Overton

Despite the remarkable success of Transformer-based architectures in various sequential modeling tasks, such as natural language processing, computer vision, and robotics, their ability to learn basic sequential models, like Hidden Markov…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-07 Jiachen Hu , Qinghua Liu , Chi Jin

In order to understand the in-context learning phenomenon, recent works have adopted a stylized experimental framework and demonstrated that Transformers can learn gradient-based learning algorithms for various classes of real-valued…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-05 Satwik Bhattamishra , Arkil Patel , Phil Blunsom , Varun Kanade

Training autonomous agents that can learn new tasks from only a handful of demonstrations is a long-standing problem in machine learning. Recently, transformers have been shown to learn new language or vision tasks without any weight…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-08 Sharath Chandra Raparthy , Eric Hambro , Robert Kirk , Mikael Henaff , Roberta Raileanu

Pre-trained language models have been shown to encode linguistic structures, e.g. dependency and constituency parse trees, in their embeddings while being trained on unsupervised loss functions like masked language modeling. Some doubts…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-17 Haoyu Zhao , Abhishek Panigrahi , Rong Ge , Sanjeev Arora

Variable order sequence modeling is an important problem in artificial and natural intelligence. While overcomplete Hidden Markov Models (HMMs), in theory, have the capacity to represent long-term temporal structure, they often fail to…

Modular exponentiation is crucial to number theory and cryptography, yet remains largely unexplored from a mechanistic interpretability standpoint. We train a 4-layer encoder-decoder Transformer model to perform this operation and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-24 David Demitri Africa , Sara M. Kapoor , Theo Simon Sorg , Challenger Mishra

A major limitation for the broader scope of problems solvable by transformers is the quadratic scaling of computational complexity with input size. In this study, we investigate the recurrent memory augmentation of pre-trained transformer…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-07 Aydar Bulatov , Yuri Kuratov , Yermek Kapushev , Mikhail S. Burtsev

The transformer architecture has demonstrated remarkable capabilities in modern artificial intelligence, among which the capability of implicitly learning an internal model during inference time is widely believed to play a key role in the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Zhiheng Chen , Ruofan Wu , Guanhua Fang

This work considers the deployment of pseudo-random number generators (PRNGs) on graphics processing units (GPUs), developing an approach based on the xorgens generator to rapidly produce pseudo-random numbers of high statistical quality.…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2013-03-13 Nimalan Nandapalan , Richard P. Brent , Lawrence M. Murray , Alistair Rendell

With the introduction of the transformer architecture in computer vision, increasing model scale has been demonstrated as a clear path to achieving performance and robustness gains. However, with model parameter counts reaching the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-09-04 Jochem Loedeman , Maarten C. Stol , Tengda Han , Yuki M. Asano

Accurate knowledge of the atomistic transition pathways in materials and material surfaces is crucial for many material science problems. However, conventional simulation techniques used to find these transitions are extremely…

Materials Science · Physics 2026-05-01 Henry Tischler , Wenting Li , Qi Tang , Danny Perez , Thomas Vogel

Transformer models, notably large language models (LLMs), have the remarkable ability to perform in-context learning (ICL) -- to perform new tasks when prompted with unseen input-output examples without any explicit model training. In this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-03 Steve Yadlowsky , Lyric Doshi , Nilesh Tripuraneni

Transformers have impressive generalization capabilities on tasks with a fixed context length. However, they fail to generalize to sequences of arbitrary length, even for seemingly simple tasks such as duplicating a string. Moreover, simply…

Neural sequence models, especially transformers, exhibit a remarkable capacity for in-context learning. They can construct new predictors from sequences of labeled examples $(x, f(x))$ presented in the input without further parameter…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-19 Ekin Akyürek , Dale Schuurmans , Jacob Andreas , Tengyu Ma , Denny Zhou

Transformer language models (LMs) exhibit behaviors -- from storytelling to code generation -- that seem to require tracking the unobserved state of an evolving world. How do they do this? We study state tracking in LMs trained or…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-03 Belinda Z. Li , Zifan Carl Guo , Jacob Andreas

Continual learning is essential for real-world deployment when there is a need to quickly adapt the model to new tasks without forgetting knowledge of old tasks. Existing work on continual sequence generation either always reuses existing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-04-06 Yanzhe Zhang , Xuezhi Wang , Diyi Yang