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One of the most striking findings in modern research on large language models (LLMs) is that scaling up compute during training leads to better results. However, less attention has been given to the benefits of scaling compute during…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-21 Sean Welleck , Amanda Bertsch , Matthew Finlayson , Hailey Schoelkopf , Alex Xie , Graham Neubig , Ilia Kulikov , Zaid Harchaoui

The autoregressive nature of large language models (LLMs) fundamentally limits inference speed, as each forward pass generates only a single token and is often bottlenecked by memory bandwidth. Speculative decoding has emerged as a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Zihao An , Huajun Bai , Ziqiong Liu , Dong Li , Emad Barsoum

Speculative decoding has emerged as a promising approach to accelerate inference in vision-language models (VLMs) by enabling parallel verification of multiple draft tokens. However, existing methods rely on static tree structures that…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Yujia Tong , Tian Zhang , Yunyang Wan , Kaiwei Lin , Jingling Yuan , Chuang Hu

The sequential nature of modern LLMs makes them expensive and slow, and speculative sampling has proven to be an effective solution to this problem. Methods like EAGLE perform autoregression at the feature level, reusing top-layer features…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-24 Yuhui Li , Fangyun Wei , Chao Zhang , Hongyang Zhang

Inference-time scaling has emerged as a powerful way to improve large language model (LLM) performance by generating multiple candidate responses and selecting among them. However, existing work on dynamic allocation for test-time compute…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-15 Jenny Y. Huang , Mehul Damani , Yousef El-Kurdi , Ramon Astudillo , Wei Sun

The emergence of long-context large language models (LLMs) offers a promising alternative to traditional retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) for processing extensive documents. However, the computational overhead of long-context inference…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-24 Guanzheng Chen , Qilong Feng , Jinjie Ni , Xin Li , Michael Qizhe Shieh

Multiple heads decoding accelerates the inference of Large Language Models (LLMs) by predicting next several tokens simultaneously. It generates and verifies multiple candidate sequences in parallel via tree attention with a fixed…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-02-11 Zhendong Zhang

Self-consistency boosts inference-time performance by sampling multiple reasoning traces in parallel and voting. However, in constrained domains like math and code, this strategy is compute-inefficient because it samples with replacement,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-23 Xueyan Li , Johannes Zenn , Ekaterina Fadeeva , Guinan Su , Mrinmaya Sachan , Jonas Geiping

Autoregressive decoding remains a primary bottleneck in large language model (LLM) serving, motivating speculative decoding methods that reduce expensive teacher-model invocations by verifying multiple candidate tokens per step.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Chang Han , Yijie Hu , Jingling Liu

Diffusion Large Language Models (dLLMs) offer fast, parallel token generation, but their standalone use is plagued by an inherent efficiency-quality tradeoff. We show that, if carefully applied, the attributes of dLLMs can actually be a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-29 Rui Pan , Zhuofu Chen , Hongyi Liu , Arvind Krishnamurthy , Ravi Netravali

While speculative decoding has recently appeared as a promising direction for accelerating the inference of large language models (LLMs), the speedup and scalability are strongly bounded by the token acceptance rate. Prevalent methods…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-16 Yunfan Xiong , Ruoyu Zhang , Yanzeng Li , Tianhao Wu , Lei Zou

Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable performance across a wide variety of natural language tasks; however, their large size makes their inference slow and computationally expensive. Focusing on this problem, we propose to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-08 Neeraj Varshney , Agneet Chatterjee , Mihir Parmar , Chitta Baral

Large language models (LLMs) demand considerable computational, energy, and financial resources during both training and deployment. While scaling laws for training have guided much of the field's recent progress, inference costs now…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-11 Austin R. Ellis-Mohr , Anuj K. Nayak , Lav R. Varshney

Speculative decoding (SD) has become a standard technique for accelerating LLM inference without sacrificing output quality. Recent advances in speculative decoding have shifted from sequential chain-based drafting to tree-structured…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Tianyu Liu , Qitan Lv , Yuhao Shen , Xiao Sun , Xiaoyan Sun

Speculative Decoding promises to accelerate the inference of Large Language Models, yet its efficacy often degrades in production-grade serving. Existing evaluations typically overlook the compute-bound nature of high-concurrency regimes,…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Xinyi Hu , Yuhao Shen , Baolin Zhang , Hengxin Zhang , Jun Dai , Shuang Ge , Lei Chen , Yue Li , Mingcheng Wan

The growing gap between the increasing complexity of large language models (LLMs) and the limited computational budgets of edge devices poses a key challenge for efficient on-device inference, despite gradual improvements in hardware…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-11-06 Xiangchen Li , Dimitrios Spatharakis , Saeid Ghafouri , Jiakun Fan , Hans Vandierendonck , Deepu John , Bo Ji , Dimitrios Nikolopoulos

Generative Large Language Models (LLMs) based on the Transformer architecture have recently emerged as a dominant foundation model for a wide range of Natural Language Processing tasks. Nevertheless, their application in real-time scenarios…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-04 Coleman Hooper , Sehoon Kim , Hiva Mohammadzadeh , Hasan Genc , Kurt Keutzer , Amir Gholami , Sophia Shao

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly employed for complex tasks that process multiple generation calls in a tree structure with shared prefixes of tokens, including few-shot prompting, multi-step reasoning, speculative decoding,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-10 Jinwei Yao , Kaiqi Chen , Kexun Zhang , Jiaxuan You , Binhang Yuan , Zeke Wang , Tao Lin

Large Language Models (LLMs) like GPT are state-of-the-art text generation models that provide significant assistance in daily routines. However, LLM execution is inherently sequential, since they only produce one token at a time, thus…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-31 Qidong Su , Christina Giannoula , Gennady Pekhimenko

Autoregressive Language Models instantiate a factorized likelihood over token sequences, yet their strictly sequential decoding process imposes an intrinsic lower bound on inference latency. This bottleneck has emerged as a central obstacle…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Maxim Divilkovskiy , Vitaly Malygin , Sergey Zlobin , Stanislav Ilyushin , Sultan Isali , Vasily Kalugin , Nuriza Aitassova , Fei Yi , Weidi Zeng