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As quantum hardware continues to improve, more and more application scientists have entered the field of quantum computing. However, even with the rapid improvements in the last few years, quantum devices, especially for quantum chemistry…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2024-04-26 Matthew Otten , Byeol Kang , Dmitry Fedorov , Anouar Benali , Salman Habib , Yuri Alexeev , Stephen K. Gray

The great promise of quantum computers comes with the dual challenges of building them and finding their useful applications. We argue that these two challenges should be considered together, by co-designing full-stack quantum computer…

This paper introduces a vision for Quantum Software Development lifecycle, proposing a hybrid full-stack iterative model that integrates quantum and classical computing. Addressing the current challenges in Quantum Computing (QC) such as…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-04-09 Arif Ali Khan , Davide Taibi , Muhammad Azeem Akbar

Quantum error correction (QEC) underpins practical fault-tolerant quantum computing (FTQC) by addressing the fragility of quantum states and mitigating decoherence-induced errors. As quantum devices scale, integrating robust QEC protocols…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-07-17 Archisman Ghosh , Avimita Chatterjee , Swaroop Ghosh

Quantum computing is advancing rapidly, yet substantial gaps separate today's noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) devices from tomorrow's fault-tolerant application-scale quantum (FASQ) machines. We identify four related hurdles along…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-22 Jens Eisert , John Preskill

Quantum computing is a game-changing technology for global academia, research centers and industries including computational science, mathematics, finance, pharmaceutical, materials science, chemistry and cryptography. Although it has seen…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-03-07 He-Liang Huang , Xiao-Yue Xu , Chu Guo , Guojing Tian , Shi-Jie Wei , Xiaoming Sun , Wan-Su Bao , Gui-Lu Long

I will give an overview of what I see as some of the most important future directions in the theory of fault-tolerant quantum computation. In particular, I will give a brief summary of the major problems that need to be solved in fault…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-10-31 Daniel Gottesman

As far as we know, a useful quantum computer will require fault-tolerant gates, and existing schemes demand a prohibitively large space and time overhead. We argue that a first generation quantum computer will be very valuable to design,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-11-15 Pavithran S. Iyer , David Poulin

Programming for today's quantum computers is making significant strides toward modern workflows compatible with high performance computing (HPC), but fundamental challenges still remain in the integration of these vastly different…

Fault-tolerant (FT) computation by using quantum error correction (QEC) is essential for realizing large-scale quantum algorithms. Devices are expected to have enough qubits to demonstrate aspects of fault tolerance in the near future.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-03-24 Lingling Lao , Carmen G. Almudever

Quantum computers are promising powerful computers for solving complex problems, but access to real quantum hardware remains limited due to high costs. Although the software simulators on CPUs/GPUs such as Qiskit, ProjectQ, and Qsun offer…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-03-19 Tuan Hai Vu , Vu Trung Duong Le , Hoai Luan Pham , Quoc Chuong Nguyen , Yasuhiko Nakashima

Quantum computers have advanced rapidly in qubit count and gate fidelity. However, large-scale fault-tolerant quantum computing still relies on quantum error correction code (QECC) to suppress noise. Manually or experimentally verifying the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-20 Kean Chen , Yuhao Liu , Wang Fang , Jennifer Paykin , Xin-Chuan Wu , Albert Schmitz , Steve Zdancewic , Gushu Li

Quantum computing is changing the way we think about computing. Significant strides in research and development for managing and harnessing the power of quantum systems has been made in recent years, demonstrating the potential for…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-11-15 Suryansh Upadhyay , Mahabubul Alam , Swaroop Ghosh

Large-scale quantum computation requires to be performed in the fault-tolerant manner. One crucial challenge of fault-tolerant quantum computing (FTQC) is reducing the overhead of implementing logical gates. Recently work proposed…

Quantum Computing (QC) refers to an emerging paradigm that inherits and builds with the concepts and phenomena of Quantum Mechanic (QM) with the significant potential to unlock a remarkable opportunity to solve complex and computationally…

In 2017, John Preskill defined Noisy Intermediate Scale Quantum (NISQ) computers as an intermediate step on the road to large scale error corrected fault-tolerant quantum computers (FTQC). The NISQ regime corresponds to noisy qubit quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-06-13 Olivier Ezratty

Fault-tolerant quantum computation (FTQC) is essential to implement quantum algorithms in a noise-resilient way, and thus to enjoy advantages of quantum computers even with presence of noise. In FTQC, a quantum circuit is decomposed into…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-07-23 Kohdai Kuroiwa , Yuya O. Nakagawa

Quantum computing technology has reached a second renaissance in the past five years. Increased interest from both the private and public sector combined with extraordinary theoretical and experimental progress has solidified this…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-10-05 Simon J. Devitt

The construction of a quantum computer remains a fundamental scientific and technological challenge, in particular due to unavoidable noise. Quantum states and operations can be protected from errors using protocols for fault-tolerant…

Scientific applications are starting to explore the viability of quantum computing. This exploration typically begins with quantum simulations that can run on existing classical platforms, albeit without the performance advantages of real…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-08-16 Amir Shehata , Thomas Naughton , In-Saeng Suh