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LLM-based agents for text-to-SQL often struggle with latency-performance trade-off, where performance improvements come at the cost of latency or vice versa. We reformulate text-to-SQL generation within the lens of software test coverage…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Tanmay Parekh , Ella Hofmann-Coyle , Shuyi Wang , Sachith Sri Ram Kothur , Srivas Prasad , Yunmo Chen

Despite the significant advancements in Text-to-SQL (Text2SQL) facilitated by large language models (LLMs), the latest state-of-the-art techniques are still trapped in the in-context learning of closed-source LLMs (e.g., GPT-4), which…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Yang Qin , Chao Chen , Zhihang Fu , Ze Chen , Dezhong Peng , Peng Hu , Jieping Ye

Text-to-SQL, which provides zero-code interface for operating relational databases, has gained much attention in financial analysis; because, financial professionals may not well-skilled in SQL programming. However, until now, there is no…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-22 Chao Zhang , Yuren Mao , Yijiang Fan , Yu Mi , Yunjun Gao , Lu Chen , Dongfang Lou , Jinshu Lin

Recent advancements in Large Language Models (LLMs) have markedly enhanced the interpretation and processing of tabular data, introducing previously unimaginable capabilities. Despite these achievements, LLMs still encounter significant…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-19 Xianjie Wu , Jian Yang , Linzheng Chai , Ge Zhang , Jiaheng Liu , Xinrun Du , Di Liang , Daixin Shu , Xianfu Cheng , Tianzhen Sun , Guanglin Niu , Tongliang Li , Zhoujun Li

Text-to-SQL is the task of translating natural language queries into executable SQL for a given database, enabling non-expert users to access structured data without writing SQL manually. Despite rapid advances driven by large language…

Databases · Computer Science 2026-04-09 Minh Tam Pham , Trinh Pham , Tong Chen , Hongzhi Yin , Quoc Viet Hung Nguyen , Thanh Tam Nguyen

Text-to-SQL aims to map natural language questions to SQL queries. The sketch-based method combined with execution-guided (EG) decoding strategy has shown a strong performance on the WikiSQL benchmark. However, execution-guided decoding…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-12-13 Binyuan Hui , Xiang Shi , Ruiying Geng , Binhua Li , Yongbin Li , Jian Sun , Xiaodan Zhu

We introduce SQLSpace, a human-interpretable, generalizable, compact representation for text-to-SQL examples derived with minimal human intervention. We demonstrate the utility of these representations in evaluation with three use cases:…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-03 Neha Srikanth , Victor Bursztyn , Puneet Mathur , Ani Nenkova

Translating users' natural language questions into SQL queries (i.e., NL2SQL) significantly lowers the barriers to accessing relational databases. The emergence of Large Language Models has introduced a novel paradigm in NL2SQL tasks,…

Databases · Computer Science 2024-07-30 Boyan Li , Yuyu Luo , Chengliang Chai , Guoliang Li , Nan Tang

Text-to-SQL technology has evolved rapidly, with diverse academic methods achieving impressive results. However, deploying these techniques in real-world systems remains challenging due to limited integration tools. Despite these advances,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-29 Yihan Wang , Peiyu Liu , Runyu Chen , Jiaxing Pu , Wei Xu

Graph models are fundamental to data analysis in domains rich with complex relationships. Text-to-Graph-Query-Language (Text-to-GQL) systems act as a translator, converting natural language into executable graph queries. This capability…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-13 Songlin Lyu , Lujie Ban , Zihang Wu , Tianqi Luo , Jirong Liu , Chenhao Ma , Yuyu Luo , Nan Tang , Shipeng Qi , Heng Lin , Yongchao Liu , Chuntao Hong

With the development of the Large Language Models (LLMs), a large range of LLM-based Text-to-SQL(Text2SQL) methods have emerged. This survey provides a comprehensive review of LLM-based Text2SQL studies. We first enumerate classic…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-04 Liang Shi , Zhengju Tang , Nan Zhang , Xiaotong Zhang , Zhi Yang

We present Spider, a large-scale, complex and cross-domain semantic parsing and text-to-SQL dataset annotated by 11 college students. It consists of 10,181 questions and 5,693 unique complex SQL queries on 200 databases with multiple…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-02-05 Tao Yu , Rui Zhang , Kai Yang , Michihiro Yasunaga , Dongxu Wang , Zifan Li , James Ma , Irene Li , Qingning Yao , Shanelle Roman , Zilin Zhang , Dragomir Radev

While Large Language Models (LLMs) have significantly advanced Text-to-SQL performance, existing benchmarks predominantly focus on Western contexts and simplified schemas, leaving a gap in real-world, non-Western applications. We present…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-16 Aviral Dawar , Roshan Karanth , Vikram Goyal , Dhruv Kumar

Text-to-SQL, which enables natural language interaction with databases, serves as a pivotal method across diverse industries. With new, more powerful large language models (LLMs) emerging every few months, fine-tuning has become incredibly…

Databases · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Boyan Li , Jiayi Zhang , Ju Fan , Yanwei Xu , Chong Chen , Nan Tang , Yuyu Luo

Large Language Models (LLMs) have made significant progress in assisting users to query databases in natural language. While LLM-based techniques provide state-of-the-art results on many standard benchmarks, their performance significantly…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-07-09 Nina Narodytska , Shay Vargaftik

Recent years have seen great success in the use of neural seq2seq models on the text-to-SQL task. However, little work has paid attention to how these models generalize to realistic unseen data, which naturally raises a question: does this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-08-30 Shuaichen Chang , Pengfei Liu , Yun Tang , Jing Huang , Xiaodong He , Bowen Zhou

Translating Natural Language Queries into Structured Query Language (Text-to-SQL or NLQ-to-SQL) is a critical task extensively studied by both the natural language processing and database communities, aimed at providing a natural language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-29 Hasan Alp Caferoğlu , Özgür Ulusoy

Text-to-SQL models have significantly improved with the adoption of Large Language Models (LLMs), leading to their increasing use in real-world applications. Although many benchmarks exist for evaluating the performance of text-to-SQL…

Databases · Computer Science 2026-04-29 Sepideh Abedini , M. Tamer Özsu

Text-to-SQL is a crucial task toward developing methods for understanding natural language by computers. Recent neural approaches deliver excellent performance; however, models that are difficult to interpret inhibit future developments.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-02-04 Yasufumi Taniguchi , Hiroki Nakayama , Kubo Takahiro , Jun Suzuki

The conversion of natural language into SQL language for querying databases (Text-to-SQL) has broad application prospects and has attracted widespread attention. At present, the mainstream Text-to-SQL methods are mainly divided into…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Lei Sheng , Shuai-Shuai Xu , Wei Xie