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In a data-driven world, datasets constitute a significant economic value. Dataset owners who spend time and money to collect and curate the data are incentivized to ensure that their datasets are not used in ways that they did not…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-02-28 Buse Gul Atli Tekgul , N. Asokan

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) are widely deployed in industry, making their intellectual property valuable. However, protecting GNNs from unauthorized use remains a challenge. Watermarking offers a solution by embedding ownership information…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Jane Downer , Yingdan Shi , Ziyan Liu , Ren Wang , Binghui Wang

To ensure the responsible distribution and use of open-source deep neural networks (DNNs), DNN watermarking has become a crucial technique to trace and verify unauthorized model replication or misuse. In practice, black-box watermarks…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Huming Qiu , Mi Zhang , Junjie Sun , Peiyi Chen , Xiaohan Zhang , Min Yang

Deep Neural Networks (DNN) are gaining higher commercial values in computer vision applications, e.g., image classification, video analytics, etc. This calls for urgent demands of the intellectual property (IP) protection of DNN models. In…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-06-29 Xiaoxuan Lou , Shangwei Guo , Jiwei Li , Tianwei Zhang

Backdoor-based watermarking schemes were proposed to protect the intellectual property of artificial intelligence models, especially deep neural networks, under the black-box setting. Compared with ordinary backdoors, backdoor-based…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-08-31 Fangqi Li , Shilin Wang , Yun Zhu

With the increasing application value of machine learning, the intellectual property (IP) rights of deep neural networks (DNN) are getting more and more attention. With our analysis, most of the existing DNN watermarking methods can resist…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-08-12 Tzu-Yun Chien , Chih-Ya Shen

Creating a state-of-the-art deep-learning system requires vast amounts of data, expertise, and hardware, yet research into embedding copyright protection for neural networks has been limited. One of the main methods for achieving such…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-04-27 William Aiken , Hyoungshick Kim , Simon Woo

Recently, Deep Learning (DL) models have been increasingly deployed on end-user devices as On-Device AI, offering improved efficiency and privacy. However, this deployment trend poses more serious Intellectual Property (IP) risks, as models…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-30 Zhicheng Zhang , Peizhuo Lv , Mengke Wan , Jiang Fang , Diandian Guo , Yezeng Chen , Yinlong Liu , Wei Ma , Jiyan Sun , Liru Geng

Deep neural networks (DNNs) have achieved significant success in real-world applications. However, safeguarding their intellectual property (IP) remains extremely challenging. Existing DNN watermarking for IP protection often require…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-09-17 Yuzhang Chen , Jiangnan Zhu , Yujie Gu , Minoru Kuribayashi , Kouichi Sakurai

With the widespread use of deep neural networks (DNNs) in many areas, more and more studies focus on protecting DNN models from intellectual property (IP) infringement. Many existing methods apply digital watermarking to protect the DNN…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-07-11 Lina Lin , Hanzhou Wu

Backdoor watermarking has emerged as the predominant approach for protecting public datasets, enabling dataset ownership verification (DOV) through embedded triggers that induce predefined model behaviors. While existing works assume that…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-12 Zhiying Li , Zhi Liu , Dongjie Liu , Shengda Zhuo , Guanggang Geng , Zhaoxin Fan , Shanxiang Lyu , Xiaobo Jin , Jian Weng

Deep Neural Networks have created a paradigm shift in our ability to comprehend raw data in various important fields ranging from computer vision and natural language processing to intelligence warfare and healthcare. While DNNs are…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2019-04-02 Huili Chen , Bita Darvish Rouhani , Farinaz Koushanfar

Copyright protection for deep neural networks (DNNs) is an urgent need for AI corporations. To trace illegally distributed model copies, DNN watermarking is an emerging technique for embedding and verifying secret identity messages in the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-03-20 Yifan Yan , Xudong Pan , Mi Zhang , Min Yang

The surging demand for large-scale datasets in deep learning has heightened the need for effective copyright protection, given the risks of unauthorized use to data owners. Although the dataset watermark technique holds promise for auditing…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Xiao Ren , Xinyi Yu , Linkang Du , Min Chen , Yuanchao Shu , Zhou Su , Yunjun Gao , Zhikun Zhang

The intellectual property of deep neural network (DNN) models can be protected with DNN watermarking, which embeds copyright watermarks into model parameters (white-box), model behavior (black-box), or model outputs (box-free), and the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-25 Haonan An , Guang Hua , Yu Guo , Hangcheng Cao , Susanto Rahardja , Yuguang Fang

Due to costly efforts during data acquisition and model training, Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) belong to the intellectual property of the model creator. Hence, unauthorized use, theft, or modification may lead to legal repercussions.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-26 Torsten Krauß , Jasper Stang , Alexandra Dmitrienko

Ownership verification is currently the most critical and widely adopted post-hoc method to safeguard model copyright. In general, model owners exploit it to identify whether a given suspicious third-party model is stolen from them by…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-09-11 Shuo Shao , Yiming Li , Hongwei Yao , Yiling He , Zhan Qin , Kui Ren

Deep neural network (DNN) watermarking is a suitable method for protecting the ownership of deep learning (DL) models. It secretly embeds an identifier (watermark) within the model, which can be retrieved by the owner to prove ownership. In…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Reda Bellafqira , Gouenou Coatrieux

Protecting the Intellectual Property rights of DNN models is of primary importance prior to their deployment. So far, the proposed methods either necessitate changes to internal model parameters or the machine learning pipeline, or they…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-06-23 Kassem Kallas , Teddy Furon

Deep learning techniques are one of the most significant elements of any Artificial Intelligence (AI) services. Recently, these Machine Learning (ML) methods, such as Deep Neural Networks (DNNs), presented exceptional achievement in…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-03-10 Mohammad Mehdi Yadollahi , Farzaneh Shoeleh , Sajjad Dadkhah , Ali A. Ghorbani