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We describe a methodology and standard of proof for experimental claims of quantum random number generation (QRNG), analogous to well-established methods from precision measurement. For appropriately constructed physical implementations,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-01-14 Morgan W. Mitchell , Carlos Abellan , Waldimar Amaya

Quantum mechanics offers a fundamentally unpredictable entropy source due to the intrinsic probabilistic nature of quantum measurements, making it attractive for secure random number generation. This paper explores the practicality of…

Random number generators (RNG) are an important resource in many areas: cryptography (both quantum and classical), probabilistic computation (Monte Carlo methods), numerical simulations, industrial testing and labeling, hazard games,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-05-27 Mario Stipcevic

We present a high-speed continuous-variable quantum random number generator (QRNG) based on heterodyne detection of vacuum fluctuations. The scheme follows a source-device-independent (SDI) security model in which the entropy originates…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-09 Marius Cizauskas , Hamid Tebyanian , Mark Fox , Manfred Bayer , Marc Assmann , Alex Greilich

Quantum randomness relies heavily on the accurate characterization of the generator implementation, where the device imperfection or inaccurate characterization can lead to incorrect entropy estimation and practical bias, significantly…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-09-12 You-Qi Nie , Hongyi Zhou , Bing Bai , Qi Xu , Xiongfeng Ma , Jun Zhang , Jian-Wei Pan

Random numbers are essential for applications ranging from secure communications to numerical simulation and quantitative finance. Algorithms can rapidly produce pseudo-random outcomes, series of numbers that mimic most properties of true…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2011-10-18 M. Jofre , M. Curty , F. Steinlechner , G. Anzolin , J. P. Torres , M. W. Mitchell , V. Pruneri

We present a simple and robust construction of a real-time quantum random number generator (QRNG). Our minimalist approach ensures stable operation of the device as well as its simple and straightforward hardware implementation as a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-07-19 K. S. Kravtsov , I. V. Radchenko , S. P. Kulik , S. N. Molotkov

Random numbers are used in a wide range of sciences. In many applications, generating unpredictable private random numbers is indispensable. Device-independent quantum random number generation is a framework that makes use of the intrinsic…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-02 Máté Farkas , Jurij Volčič , Sigurd A. L. Storgaard , Ranyiliu Chen , Laura Mančinska

Randomness is an essential resource and plays important roles in various applications ranging from cryptography to simulation of complex systems. Certified randomness from quantum process is ensured to have the element of privacy but…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-11-14 Jinfang Zhang , Yi Li , Mengyu Zhao , Dongmei Han , Jun Liu , Meihong Wang , Qihuang Gong , Yu Xiang , Qiongyi He , Xiaolong Su

Quantum process tomography is a necessary tool for verifying quantum gates and diagnosing faults in architectures and gate design. We show that the standard approach of process tomography is grossly inaccurate in the case where the states…

The prototype of a quantum random number generator is a single photon which impinges onto a beam splitter and is then detected by single photon detectors at one of the two output paths. Prior to detection, the photon is in a quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-07-16 Xing Chen , Johannes Greiner , Jörg Wrachtrup , Ilja Gerhardt

Verification of quantum circuits is essential for guaranteeing correctness of quantum algorithms and/or quantum descriptions across various levels of abstraction. In this work, we show that there are promising ways to check the correctness…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-01-11 Lukas Burgholzer , Richard Kueng , Robert Wille

Measurement outcomes on quantum systems exhibit inherent randomness and are fundamentally nondeterministic. This has enabled quantum physics to set new standards for the generation of true randomness with significant applications in the…

A quantum random-number generator (QRNG) can theoretically generate unpredictable random numbers with perfect devices and is an ideal and secure source of random numbers for cryptography. However, the practical implementations always…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-07-27 Weinan Huang , Yi-Chen Zhang , Ziyong Zheng , Yang Li , Bingjie Xu , Song Yu

How much cryptographically-secure randomness can be extracted from a quantum state? This fundamental question probes the absolute limits of quantum random number generation (QRNG) and yet, despite the technological maturity of QRNGs, it…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-11-05 Kriss Gutierrez Anco , Tristan Nemoz , Peter Brown

Measurements on entangled quantum systems necessarily yield outcomes that are intrinsically unpredictable if they violate a Bell inequality. This property can be used to generate certified randomness in a device-independent way, i.e.,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-01-31 Stefano Pironio , Serge Massar

Quantum random number generators (QRNGs) based on quadrature measurements of the vacuum have so far used balanced homodyne detection to obtain a source of high entropy. Here we propose a simple direct detection measurement scheme using only…

Random numbers are a fundamental resource in science and technology. Among the different approaches to generating them, random numbers created by exploiting the laws of quantum mechanics have proven to be reliable and can be produced at…

In the era of digitization secure transmission of digital images has become essential in real world applications. Image encryption is an effective technique for protecting image data from unauthorized access. The security of encrypted data…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Subhadip Rana , Sanku Paul , Mrinal Kanti Mandal

We present an optical quantum random number generator based on vacuum fluctuation measurements that uses multi-mode coherent states generated by electro-optical phase modulation of an intense optical carrier. In this approach the weak…