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Related papers: Test-Time Alignment of LLMs via Sampling-Based Opt…

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Effective training-time guidance is central to multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL), yet remains difficult in sparse-reward settings where weak supervision limits coordination and policy improvement, and existing methods often require…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Xiaoguang Wu , Zhi Zheng , Hui Xiong

Model fitting is possibly the most extended problem in science. Classical approaches include the use of least-squares fitting procedures and maximum likelihood methods to estimate the value of the parameters in the model. However, in recent…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2022-04-12 J. Lopez-Santiago , L. Martino , J. Miguez , M. A. Vazquez

The alignment of large language models (LLMs) with human values is critical as these models become increasingly integrated into various societal and decision-making processes. Traditional methods, such as reinforcement learning from human…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-08 Prashant Trivedi , Souradip Chakraborty , Avinash Reddy , Vaneet Aggarwal , Amrit Singh Bedi , George K. Atia

Specialist language models (LMs) focus on a specific task or domain on which they often outperform generalist LMs of the same size. However, the specialist data needed to pretrain these models is only available in limited amount for most…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-12 David Grangier , Simin Fan , Skyler Seto , Pierre Ablin

Low-rank optimization has emerged as a promising approach to enabling memory-efficient training of large language models (LLMs). Existing low-rank optimization methods typically project gradients onto a low-rank subspace, reducing the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-15 Haochen Zhang , Junze Yin , Guanchu Wang , Zirui Liu , Lin F. Yang , Tianyi Zhang , Anshumali Shrivastava , Vladimir Braverman

Soft prompt learning has recently emerged as one of the methods of choice for adapting V&L models to a downstream task using a few training examples. However, current methods significantly overfit the training data, suffering from large…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-04-04 Adrian Bulat , Georgios Tzimiropoulos

Large language models (LLMs) have shown impressive capabilities in real-world applications. The capability of in-context learning (ICL) allows us to adapt an LLM to downstream tasks by including input-label exemplars in the prompt without…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-10-30 Zhaoxuan Wu , Xiaoqiang Lin , Zhongxiang Dai , Wenyang Hu , Yao Shu , See-Kiong Ng , Patrick Jaillet , Bryan Kian Hsiang Low

Aligning Large Language Models (LLMs) is crucial for enhancing their safety and utility. However, existing methods, primarily based on preference datasets, face challenges such as noisy labels, high annotation costs, and privacy concerns.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-28 Hao Sun , Mihaela van der Schaar

We explore efficient estimation of statistical quantities, particularly rare event probabilities, for stochastic reaction networks. Consequently, we propose an importance sampling (IS) approach to improve the Monte Carlo (MC) estimator…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2024-03-12 Chiheb Ben Hammouda , Nadhir Ben Rached , Raúl Tempone , Sophia Wiechert

Importance sampling (IS) is a powerful Monte Carlo methodology for the approximation of intractable integrals, very often involving a target probability density function. The performance of IS heavily depends on the appropriate selection of…

Computation · Statistics 2023-06-22 Víctor Elvira , Emilie Chouzenoux , Ömer Deniz Akyildiz , Luca Martino

Adaptive sampling algorithms are modern and efficient methods that dynamically adjust the sample size throughout the optimization process. However, they may encounter difficulties in risk-averse settings, particularly due to the challenge…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-02-17 Sandra Pieraccini , Tommaso Vanzan

Large language models (LLMs) have shown remarkable capability in numerous tasks and applications. However, fine-tuning LLMs using high-quality datasets under external supervision remains prohibitively expensive. In response, LLM…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-13 Chunyang Jiang , Chi-min Chan , Wei Xue , Qifeng Liu , Yike Guo

Large language models (LLMs) demonstrate impressive performance but lack the flexibility to adapt to human preferences quickly without retraining. In this work, we introduce Test-time Preference Optimization (TPO), a framework that aligns…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-23 Yafu Li , Xuyang Hu , Xiaoye Qu , Linjie Li , Yu Cheng

As LLMs evolve, significant effort is spent on manually crafting prompts. While existing prompt optimization methods automate this process, they rely solely on learning from incorrect samples, leading to a sub-optimal performance.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-24 Mingqi Li , Karan Aggarwal , Yong Xie , Aitzaz Ahmad , Stephen Lau

This paper introduces Adaptive Mixture Importance Sampling (AMIS) as a novel approach for optimizing key performance indicators (KPIs) in large-scale recommender systems, such as online ad auctions. Traditional importance sampling (IS)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-23 Yimeng Jia , Kaushal Paneri , Rong Huang , Kailash Singh Maurya , Pavan Mallapragada , Yifan Shi

Sampling is ubiquitous in machine learning methodologies. Due to the growth of large datasets and model complexity, we want to learn and adapt the sampling process while training a representation. Towards achieving this grand goal, a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-14 Jason Xiaotian Dou , Alvin Qingkai Pan , Runxue Bao , Haiyi Harry Mao , Lei Luo , Zhi-Hong Mao

Increasing test-time computation is a straightforward approach to enhancing the quality of responses in Large Language Models (LLMs). While Best-of-N sampling and Self-Consistency with majority voting are simple and effective, they require…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Chengsong Huang , Langlin Huang , Jixuan Leng , Jiacheng Liu , Jiaxin Huang

We study methods for efficiently aligning large language models (LLMs) with human preferences given budgeted online feedback. We first formulate the LLM alignment problem in the frame of contextual dueling bandits. This formulation,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-12 Zichen Liu , Changyu Chen , Chao Du , Wee Sun Lee , Min Lin

We propose SLOT (Sample-specific Language Model Optimization at Test-time), a novel and parameter-efficient test-time inference approach that enhances a language model's ability to more accurately respond to individual prompts. Existing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Yang Hu , Xingyu Zhang , Xueji Fang , Zhiyang Chen , Xiao Wang , Huatian Zhang , Guojun Qi

We consider an active learning setting where the algorithm has access to a large pool of unlabeled data and a small pool of labeled data. In each iteration, the algorithm chooses few unlabeled data points and obtains their labels from an…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-10-11 Muni Sreenivas Pydi , Vishnu Suresh Lokhande