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We formalize a new concept for LLMs, context-enhanced learning. It involves standard gradient-based learning on text except that the context is enhanced with additional data on which no auto-regressive gradients are computed. This setting…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-06 Xingyu Zhu , Abhishek Panigrahi , Sanjeev Arora

Handling long-context inputs is crucial for large language models (LLMs) in tasks such as extended conversations, document summarization, and many-shot in-context learning. While recent approaches have extended the context windows of LLMs…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-29 Lizhe Fang , Yifei Wang , Zhaoyang Liu , Chenheng Zhang , Stefanie Jegelka , Jinyang Gao , Bolin Ding , Yisen Wang

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed for personalized product recommendations, with practitioners commonly assuming that longer user purchase histories lead to better predictions. We challenge this assumption through a…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-01-29 Kargi Chauhan , Mahalakshmi Venkateswarlu

Transformer-based language models (LMs) are powerful and widely-applicable tools, but their usefulness is constrained by a finite context window and the expensive computational cost of processing long text documents. We propose to adapt…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-07 Alexis Chevalier , Alexander Wettig , Anirudh Ajith , Danqi Chen

Large volumes of text data have contributed significantly to the development of large language models (LLMs) in recent years. This data is typically acquired by scraping the internet, leading to pretraining datasets comprised of noisy web…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-09-12 Max Marion , Ahmet Üstün , Luiza Pozzobon , Alex Wang , Marzieh Fadaee , Sara Hooker

Large language models (LLMs) have made significant progress in Emotional Intelligence (EI) and long-context modeling. However, existing benchmarks often overlook the fact that emotional information processing unfolds as a continuous…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Weichu Liu , Jing Xiong , Yuxuan Hu , Zixuan Li , Minghuan Tan , Ningning Mao , Hui Shen , Wendong Xu , Chaofan Tao , Min Yang , Chengming Li , Lingpeng Kong , Ngai Wong

Large pre-training language models (PLMs) have shown promising in-context learning abilities. However, due to the backbone transformer architecture, existing PLMs are bottlenecked by the memory and computational cost when scaling up to a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-02-13 Mukai Li , Shansan Gong , Jiangtao Feng , Yiheng Xu , Jun Zhang , Zhiyong Wu , Lingpeng Kong

Long-context modeling capabilities have garnered widespread attention, leading to the emergence of Large Language Models (LLMs) with ultra-context windows. Meanwhile, benchmarks for evaluating long-context LLMs are gradually catching up.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-04 Minzheng Wang , Longze Chen , Cheng Fu , Shengyi Liao , Xinghua Zhang , Bingli Wu , Haiyang Yu , Nan Xu , Lei Zhang , Run Luo , Yunshui Li , Min Yang , Fei Huang , Yongbin Li

Long-range tasks demand reasoning over long inputs. However, existing solutions are limited, e.g., long-context models require large compute budgets, parameter-efficient fine-tuning (PEFT) needs training data, and retrieval-augmented…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Dulhan Jayalath , James Bradley Wendt , Nicholas Monath , Sandeep Tata , Beliz Gunel

Current Large Language Models (LLMs) face inherent limitations due to their pre-defined context lengths, which impede their capacity for multi-hop reasoning within extensive textual contexts. While existing techniques like…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-19 Weizhi Fei , Xueyan Niu , Guoqing Xie , Yanhua Zhang , Bo Bai , Lei Deng , Wei Han

Real-world forecasting requires models to integrate not only historical data but also relevant contextual information provided in textual form. While large language models (LLMs) show promise for context-aided forecasting, critical…

Long-context reasoning is essential for complex real-world applications, yet remains a significant challenge for Large Language Models (LLMs). Despite the rapid evolution in long-context reasoning, current research often overlooks the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Yanling Xiao , Huaibing Xie , Guoliang Zhao , Shihan Dou , Shaolei Wang , Yiting Liu , Nantao Zheng , Cheng Zhang , Pluto Zhou , Zhisong Zhang , Lemao Liu

As the context limits of Large Language Models (LLMs) increase, the range of possible applications and downstream functions broadens. In many real-world tasks, decisions depend on details scattered across collections of often disparate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-24 Jonathan Roberts , Kai Han , Samuel Albanie

In-context learning (ICL) of large language models (LLMs) has attracted increasing attention in the community where LLMs make predictions only based on instructions augmented with a few examples. Existing example selection methods for ICL…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-26 Haowei Du , Dongyan Zhao

Recently, the large language model (LLM) community has shown increasing interest in enhancing LLMs' capability to handle extremely long documents. As various long-text techniques and model architectures emerge, the precise and detailed…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-11 Chonghua Wang , Haodong Duan , Songyang Zhang , Dahua Lin , Kai Chen

Transformers suffer from a high computational cost that grows with sequence length for self-attention, making inference in long streams prohibited by memory consumption. Constant-memory alternatives such as RNNs and SSMs compress history…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-24 Zhixin Zhang , Shabo Zhang , Chengcan Wu , Zeming Wei , Meng Sun

The increasing size and complexity of pre-trained language models have demonstrated superior performance in many applications, but they usually require large training datasets to be adequately trained. Insufficient training sets could…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-03 Yaping Chai , Haoran Xie , Joe S. Qin

Typically, training LLMs with long context sizes is computationally expensive, requiring extensive training hours and GPU resources. Existing long-context extension methods usually need additional training procedures to support…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-23 Jiaheng Liu , Zhiqi Bai , Yuanxing Zhang , Chenchen Zhang , Yu Zhang , Ge Zhang , Jiakai Wang , Haoran Que , Yukang Chen , Wenbo Su , Tiezheng Ge , Jie Fu , Wenhu Chen , Bo Zheng

Machine learning's influence is expanding rapidly, now integral to decision-making processes from corporate strategy to the advancements in Industry 4.0. The efficacy of Artificial Intelligence broadly hinges on the caliber of data used…

Databases · Computer Science 2024-04-30 Fabian Biester , Mohamed Abdelaal , Daniel Del Gaudio

Several methods have been proposed for classifying long textual documents using Transformers. However, there is a lack of consensus on a benchmark to enable a fair comparison among different approaches. In this paper, we provide a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-03-23 Hyunji Hayley Park , Yogarshi Vyas , Kashif Shah