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Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models have become a key approach for scaling large language models efficiently by activating only a subset of experts during training and inference. Typically, the number of activated experts presents a trade-off:…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-04 Yifei He , Yang Liu , Chen Liang , Hany Hassan Awadalla

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) is a neural network architecture that adds sparsely activated expert blocks to a base model, increasing the number of parameters without impacting computational costs. However, current distributed deep learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-16 Siddharth Singh , Olatunji Ruwase , Ammar Ahmad Awan , Samyam Rajbhandari , Yuxiong He , Abhinav Bhatele

The sparsely gated mixture of experts (MoE) architecture sends different inputs to different subnetworks, i.e., experts, through trainable routers. MoE reduces the training computation significantly for large models, but its deployment can…

Most recent state-of-the-art (SOTA) large language models (LLMs) use Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) architectures to scale model capacity without proportional per-token compute, enabling higher-quality outputs at manageable serving costs.…

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) architectures have become standard in large language models, yet many of their core design choices - expert count, granularity, shared experts, load balancing, token dropping - have only been studied one or two at a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Margaret Li , Sneha Kudugunta , Danielle Rothermel , Luke Zettlemoyer

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) architectures have emerged as a cornerstone of modern AI systems. In particular, MoEs route inputs dynamically to specialized experts whose outputs are aggregated through weighted summation. Despite their widespread…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-09 Fangshuo Liao , Anastasios Kyrillidis

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) has emerged as an effective approach to reduce the computational overhead of Transformer architectures by sparsely activating a subset of parameters for each token while preserving high model capacity. This paradigm…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Dohwan Ko , Jinyoung Park , Seoung Choi , Sanghyeok Lee , Seohyun Lee , Hyunwoo J. Kim

Mixture-of-Expert (MoE) models outperform conventional models by selectively activating different subnets, named experts, on a per-token basis. This gated computation generates dynamic communications that cannot be determined beforehand,…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-09-05 Xudong Liao , Yijun Sun , Han Tian , Xinchen Wan , Yilun Jin , Zilong Wang , Zhenghang Ren , Xinyang Huang , Wenxue Li , Kin Fai Tse , Zhizhen Zhong , Guyue Liu , Ying Zhang , Xiaofeng Ye , Yiming Zhang , Kai Chen

Traditional Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) training typically proceeds without any structural priors, effectively requiring the model to simultaneously train expert weights while searching for an optimal routing policy within a vast combinatorial…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Yuqi Xu , Rizhen Hu , Zihan Liu , Mou Sun , Kun Yuan

Mixture of Experts (MoE) has emerged as a promising paradigm for scaling model capacity while preserving computational efficiency, particularly in large-scale machine learning architectures such as large language models (LLMs). Recent…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-01-29 Yunting Xu , Jiacheng Wang , Ruichen Zhang , Changyuan Zhao , Dusit Niyato , Jiawen Kang , Zehui Xiong , Bo Qian , Haibo Zhou , Shiwen Mao , Abbas Jamalipour , Xuemin Shen , Dong In Kim

The proliferation of large language models (LLMs) has led to the adoption of Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) architectures that dynamically leverage specialized subnetworks for improved efficiency and performance. Despite their benefits, MoE…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-28 Ruisi Cai , Yeonju Ro , Geon-Woo Kim , Peihao Wang , Babak Ehteshami Bejnordi , Aditya Akella , Zhangyang Wang

Traditional multi-task learning (MTL) methods use dense networks that use the same set of shared weights across several different tasks. This often creates interference where two or more tasks compete to pull model parameters in different…

By increasing model parameters but activating them sparsely when performing a task, the use of Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) architecture significantly improves the performance of Large Language Models (LLMs) without increasing the inference…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Zeliang Zhang , Xiaodong Liu , Hao Cheng , Chenliang Xu , Jianfeng Gao

As the training of giant dense models hits the boundary on the availability and capability of the hardware resources today, Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models become one of the most promising model architectures due to their significant…

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) has become the dominant architecture for scaling large language models: frontier models routinely decouple total parameters from per-token computation through sparse expert routing. Scaling laws show that under…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Chaitanya Dwivedi , Binxuan Huang , Himanshu Gupta , Pratik Jayarao , Neeraj Varshney , Bing Yin

Mixture of Experts (MoE) have shown remarkable success in leveraging specialized expert networks for complex machine learning tasks. However, their susceptibility to adversarial attacks presents a critical challenge for deployment in robust…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-28 Xu Zhang , Kaidi Xu , Ziqing Hu , Ren Wang

Mixture-of-experts (MoE) is gaining increasing attention due to its unique properties and remarkable performance, especially for language tasks. By sparsely activating a subset of parameters for each token, MoE architecture could increase…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-24 Ka Man Lo , Zeyu Huang , Zihan Qiu , Zili Wang , Jie Fu

The Mixtures-of-Experts (MoE) model is a widespread distributed and integrated learning method for large language models (LLM), which is favored due to its ability to sparsify and expand models efficiently. However, the performance of MoE…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-24 Jing Li , Zhijie Sun , Xuan He , Li Zeng , Yi Lin , Entong Li , Binfan Zheng , Rongqian Zhao , Xin Chen

The Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) paradigm has emerged as a powerful approach for scaling transformers with improved resource utilization. However, efficiently fine-tuning MoE models remains largely underexplored. Inspired by recent works on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-14 Yilun Liu , Yunpu Ma , Shuo Chen , Zifeng Ding , Bailan He , Zhen Han , Volker Tresp

To meet the growing demand for smarter, faster, and more efficient embodied AI solutions, we introduce a novel Mixture-of-Expert (MoE) method that significantly boosts reasoning and learning efficiency for embodied autonomous systems.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-14 Lu Xu , Jiaqian Yu , Xiongfeng Peng , Yiwei Chen , Weiming Li , Jaewook Yoo , Sunghyun Chunag , Dongwook Lee , Daehyun Ji , Chao Zhang