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Weakly supervised object localization (WSOL) methods allow training models to classify images and localize ROIs. WSOL only requires low-cost image-class annotations yet provides a visually interpretable classifier. Standard WSOL methods…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-15 Alexis Guichemerre , Soufiane Belharbi , Mohammadhadi Shateri , Luke McCaffrey , Eric Granger

Weakly Supervised Semantic Segmentation (WSSS) is a challenging task aiming to learn the segmentation labels from class-level labels. In the literature, exploiting the information obtained from Class Activation Maps (CAMs) is widely used…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-11-24 Cenk Bircanoglu , Nafiz Arica

Extracting class activation maps (CAM) is arguably the most standard step of generating pseudo masks for weakly-supervised semantic segmentation (WSSS). Yet, we find that the crux of the unsatisfactory pseudo masks is the binary…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-03-03 Zhaozheng Chen , Tan Wang , Xiongwei Wu , Xian-Sheng Hua , Hanwang Zhang , Qianru Sun

Generating precise class-aware pseudo ground-truths, a.k.a, class activation maps (CAMs), is essential for weakly-supervised semantic segmentation. The original CAM method usually produces incomplete and inaccurate localization maps. To…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-09-21 Jinlong Li , Zequn Jie , Xu Wang , Xiaolin Wei , Lin Ma

Weakly supervised semantic segmentation (WSSS) aims to bypass the need for laborious pixel-level annotation by using only image-level annotation. Most existing methods rely on Class Activation Maps (CAM) to derive pixel-level pseudo-labels…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-11-07 Tianle Chen , Zheda Mai , Ruiwen Li , Wei-lun Chao

While class activation map (CAM) generated by image classification network has been widely used for weakly supervised object localization (WSOL) and semantic segmentation (WSSS), such classifiers usually focus on discriminative object…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-12-23 Jinheng Xie , Jianfeng Xiang , Junliang Chen , Xianxu Hou , Xiaodong Zhao , Linlin Shen

Deep learning techniques have shown great potential in medical image processing, particularly through accurate and reliable image segmentation on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans or computed tomography (CT) scans, which allow the…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-05-10 Yang Liu , Ersi Zhang , Lulu Xu , Chufan Xiao , Xiaoyun Zhong , Lijin Lian , Fang Li , Bin Jiang , Yuhan Dong , Lan Ma , Qiming Huang , Ming Xu , Yongbing Zhang , Dongmei Yu , Chenggang Yan , Peiwu Qin

Weakly-Supervised Semantic Segmentation (WSSS) methods with image-level labels generally train a classification network to generate the Class Activation Maps (CAMs) as the initial coarse segmentation labels. However, current WSSS methods…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-02-11 Lixiang Ru , Bo Du , Yibing Zhan , Chen Wu

Image-level weakly supervised semantic segmentation (WSSS) is a fundamental yet challenging computer vision task facilitating scene understanding and automatic driving. Most existing methods resort to classification-based Class Activation…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-12-17 Jie Qin , Jie Wu , Xuefeng Xiao , Lujun Li , Xingang Wang

Automatic lesion segmentation on thoracic CT enables rapid quantitative analysis of lung involvement in COVID-19 infections. However, obtaining a large amount of voxel-level annotations for training segmentation networks is prohibitively…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-11-22 Weiyi Xie , Colin Jacobs , Jean-Paul Charbonnier , Bram van Ginneken

Current weakly supervised object localization and segmentation rely on class-discriminative visualization techniques to generate pseudo-labels for pixel-level training. Such visualization methods, including class activation mapping (CAM)…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-10-20 Xiangwei Shi , Seyran Khademi , Yunqiang Li , Jan van Gemert

The class activation mapping, or CAM, has been the cornerstone of feature attribution methods for multiple vision tasks. Its simplicity and effectiveness have led to wide applications in the explanation of visual predictions and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-08-13 Jae Myung Kim , Junsuk Choe , Zeynep Akata , Seong Joon Oh

In recent years, several Weakly Supervised Semantic Segmentation (WS3) methods have been proposed that use class activation maps (CAMs) generated by a classifier to produce pseudo-ground truths for training segmentation models. While CAMs…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-08-23 M. Maruf , Arka Daw , Amartya Dutta , Jie Bu , Anuj Karpatne

Compared with expensive pixel-wise annotations, image-level labels make it possible to learn semantic segmentation in a weakly-supervised manner. Within this pipeline, the class activation map (CAM) is obtained and further processed to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-01-06 Jiawei Liu , Jing Zhang , Yicong Hong , Nick Barnes

In weakly-supervised semantic segmentation (WSSS) using only image-level class labels, a problem with CNN-based Class Activation Maps (CAM) is that they tend to activate the most discriminative local regions of objects. On the other hand,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-04-10 Izumi Fujimori , Masaki Oono , Masami Shishibori

Weakly supervised semantic segmentation has attracted much research interest in recent years considering its advantage of low labeling cost. Most of the advanced algorithms follow the design principle that expands and constrains the seed…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-09-10 Yude Wang , Jie Zhang , Meina Kan , Shiguang Shan , Xilin Chen

Image retrieval in realistic scenarios targets large dynamic datasets of unlabeled images. In these cases, training or fine-tuning a model every time new images are added to the database is neither efficient nor scalable. Convolutional…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2017-07-11 Albert Jimenez , Jose M. Alvarez , Xavier Giro-i-Nieto

Deep learning opacity often impedes deployment in high-stakes domains. We propose a training framework that aligns model focus with class-representative features without requiring pixel-level annotations. To this end, we introduce…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-16 Giacomo Ignesti , Davide Moroni , Massimo Martinelli

Class activation maps (CAMs) are commonly employed in weakly supervised semantic segmentation (WSSS) to produce pseudo-labels. Due to incomplete or excessive class activation, existing studies often resort to offline CAM refinement,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-11 Xinyu Yang , Hossein Rahmani , Sue Black , Bryan M. Williams

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a commonly used technique for brain tumor segmentation, which is critical for evaluating patients and planning treatment. To make the labeling process less laborious and dependent on expertise,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-10-31 Yu-Jen Chen , Yiyu Shi , Tsung-Yi Ho