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In this paper, we highlight how any Bell inequality for a configuration involving $n$ parties each performing one of $m$ binary-outcome measurements has a canonical form that is no-signalling-projection invariant. Specifically, the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-11 Soumyadip Patra , Jitendra Prakash , Aaditya Paudel , Peter Bierhorst

It is a recent realization that many of the concepts and tools of causal discovery in machine learning are highly relevant to problems in quantum information, in particular quantum nonlocality. The crucial ingredient in the connection…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-01-11 Rafael Chaves

Loophole-free violations of Bell inequalities imply that at least one of the assumptions behind local hidden-variable theories must fail. Here, we show that, if only one fails, then it has to fail completely, therefore excluding models that…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-05-20 Carlos Vieira , Ravishankar Ramanathan , Adán Cabello

A simple protocol for complete and deterministic Bell state measurement is proposed. It consists of measurements of nonlocal spin product operators with the help of shared entanglement as an ancillary resource. The protocol realizes not…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-12-28 Keiichi Edamatsu

The all-versus-nothing proof of Bell nonlocality is a kind of mainstream demonstration of Bell's theorem without inequalities. Two kinds of such proofs, called the deterministic all-versus-nothing proof and the probabilistic…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-07-05 Weidong Tang

The Local Friendliness argument is an extended Wigner's friend no-go theorem that provides strong constraints on the nature of reality -- stronger even than those imposed by Bell's theorem or by noncontextuality arguments. In this work, we…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-08-06 Laurens Walleghem , Yìlè Yīng , Rafael Wagner , David Schmid

Bell inequalities may only be derived, if hidden variables do not depend on the experimental settings. The stochastic independence of hidden and setting variables is called: freedom of choice, free will, measurement independence or no…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-04-01 Marian Kupczynski

Bell nonlocality is the resource that enables device-independent quantum information processing tasks. It is revealed through the violation of so-called Bell inequalities, indicating that the observed correlations cannot be reproduced by…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-09-25 Patrick Emonts , Mengyao Hu , Albert Aloy , Jordi Tura

Reviewing the general representation of a stochastic local hidden variables theory in the context of an ideal Bohm's version of the EPR experiment, we show explicitly that the violation of Bell's locality condition is due to the assumption…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Afshin Shafiee , Mehdi Golshani

Bell's theorem rests on the following fundamental condition for a local system: P(a,b|alpha, beta, lambda)= P(a|alpha, lambda)P(b|beta, lambda). Here a and b are the outcomes respectively for measurements alpha on one side, and beta on the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2012-08-23 Warren Leffler

For all Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen-type experiments on deterministic systems the Bell inequality holds, unless non-local interactions exist between certain parts of the setup. Here we show that in nonlinear systems the Bell inequality can be…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-06 Louis Vervoort

Quantum correlations in Bell and prepare-and-measure experiments are central resources for probing nonclassicality and enabling device-based quantum information protocols. In the absence of shared public randomness (i.e., without run-to-run…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-21 Liang-Liang Sun , Xiang Zhou , Chengjie Zhang , Zizhu Wang , Yong-Shun Song , Sixia Yu

Bell's theorem states that some quantum correlations can not be represented by classical correlations of separated random variables. It has been interpreted as incompatibility of the requirement of locality with quantum mechanics. We point…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Igor V. Volovich

In an entanglement swapping process two initially uncorrelated qubits become entangled, without any direct interaction. We present a model using local variables aiming at reproducing this remarkable process, under the realistic assumption…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-01-22 N. Gisin , B. Gisin

In Bell scenario, any nonlocal correlation, shared between two spatially separated parties, can be modeled deterministically either by allowing communications between the two parties or by restricting their free will in choosing the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-11-01 Manik Banik

A hidden variables model complying with the simplest form of Local Realism was recently introduced, which reproduces Quantum Mechanics' predictions for an even ideally perfect Bell's experiment. This is possible thanks to the use of a…

General Physics · Physics 2022-06-07 Alejandro Hnilo

Given a pair of isolated devices that accept random binary inputs and return binary outputs, a user can deduce from the observed data alone if the underlying mechanism can be explained classically. Bell's theorem further states that a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-21 Kuntal Sengupta , Lewis Wooltorton

It is shown that the Bell inequalities are closely related to the triangle inequalities involving distance functions amongst pairs of random variables with values $\left\{ 0,1\right\} $. A hidden variables model may be defined as a mapping…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-09-28 Emilio Santos

Quantum mechanics admits correlations that cannot be explained by local realistic models. Those most studied are the standard local hidden variable models, which satisfy the well-known Bell inequalities. To date, most works have focused on…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-06-01 Dylan J. Saunders , Adam J. Bennet , Cyril Branciard , Geoff J. Pryde

It is shown that it is possible to rule out all local and stochastic hidden variable models accounting for the quantum mechanical predictions implied by almost any entangled quantum state vector of any number of particles whose Hilbert…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-11 GianCarlo Ghirardi , Luca Marinatto