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Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated immense utility across various industries. However, as LLMs advance, the risk of harmful outputs increases due to incorrect or malicious instruction prompts. While current methods effectively…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-19 Xinyi Zeng , Yuying Shang , Jiawei Chen , Jingyuan Zhang , Yu Tian

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly integrated into diverse industries, posing substantial security risks due to unauthorized replication and misuse. To mitigate these concerns, robust identification mechanisms are widely…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-07-25 Xuhong Wang , Haoyu Jiang , Yi Yu , Jingru Yu , Yilun Lin , Ping Yi , Yingchun Wang , Yu Qiao , Li Li , Fei-Yue Wang

Decentralized inference provides a scalable and resilient paradigm for serving large language models (LLMs), enabling fragmented global resource utilization and reducing reliance on centralized providers. However, in a permissionless…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-23 Ke Wang , Zishuo Zhao , Xinyuan Song , Zelin Li , Libin Xia , Chris Tong , Bill Shi , Wenjie Qu , Eric Yang , Lynn Ai

Vision-language models (VLMs) like CLIP (Contrastive Language-Image Pre-Training) have seen remarkable success in visual recognition, highlighting the increasing need to safeguard the intellectual property (IP) of well-trained models.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-05 Lianyu Wang , Meng Wang , Huazhu Fu , Daoqiang Zhang

Large language models (LLMs) demonstrate general intelligence across a variety of machine learning tasks, thereby enhancing the commercial value of their intellectual property (IP). To protect this IP, model owners typically allow user…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-01-14 Kaiyi Pang , Tao Qi , Chuhan Wu , Minhao Bai , Minghu Jiang , Yongfeng Huang

Large Language Models (LLMs) remain vulnerable to jailbreak attacks, where adversarially crafted prompts induce policy-violating responses despite safety alignment. Existing defenses typically improve safety through external filtering,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Yulong Chen , Qi Zhang , Jiawen Zhang , Yadong Liu , Mu Li , Jie Wen , Yong Xu

With the growing applications of Deep Learning (DL), especially recent spectacular achievements of Large Language Models (LLMs) such as ChatGPT and LLaMA, the commercial significance of these remarkable models has soared. However, acquiring…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-11-11 Yongqi Jiang , Yansong Gao , Chunyi Zhou , Hongsheng Hu , Anmin Fu , Willy Susilo

Large Language Models (LLMs), now a foundation in advancing natural language processing, power applications such as text generation, machine translation, and conversational systems. Despite their transformative potential, these models…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Kang Chen , Xiuze Zhou , Yuanguo Lin , Jinhe Su , Yuanhui Yu , Li Shen , Fan Lin

The popularity of large language models (LLMs) continues to grow, and LLM-based assistants have become ubiquitous. Information security awareness (ISA) is an important yet underexplored area of LLM safety. ISA encompasses LLMs' security…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-23 Ofir Cohen , Gil Ari Agmon , Asaf Shabtai , Rami Puzis

Large Language Model (LLM) is changing the software development paradigm and has gained huge attention from both academia and industry. Researchers and developers collaboratively explore how to leverage the powerful problem-solving ability…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-11-05 Qiang Hu , Xiaofei Xie , Sen Chen , Lei Ma

The deployment of large language models (LLMs) on third-party devices requires new ways to protect model intellectual property. While Trusted Execution Environments (TEEs) offer a promising solution, their performance limits can lead to a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-12 Abhishek Saini , Haolin Jiang , Hang Liu

Training data is a critical and often proprietary asset in Large Language Model (LLM) development, motivating the use of data watermarking to embed model-transferable signals for usage verification. We identify low coverage as a vital yet…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-30 Hengyu Wu , Yang Cao

Modern sensing systems generate large volumes of unlabeled multivariate time-series data. This abundance of unlabeled data makes self-supervised learning (SSL) a natural approach for learning transferable representations. However, most…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-13 Yuliang Chen , Arvind Pillai , Yu Yvonne Wu , Tess Z. Griffin , Lisa Marsch , Michael V. Heinz , Nicholas C. Jacobson , Andrew Campbell

Model extraction attacks pose significant security threats to deployed language models, potentially compromising intellectual property and user privacy. This survey provides a comprehensive taxonomy of LLM-specific extraction attacks and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-09 Kaixiang Zhao , Lincan Li , Kaize Ding , Neil Zhenqiang Gong , Yue Zhao , Yushun Dong

We present REMARK-LLM, a novel efficient, and robust watermarking framework designed for texts generated by large language models (LLMs). Synthesizing human-like content using LLMs necessitates vast computational resources and extensive…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-04-09 Ruisi Zhang , Shehzeen Samarah Hussain , Paarth Neekhara , Farinaz Koushanfar

Large Language Model-based systems (LLM systems) are information and query processing systems that use LLMs to plan operations from natural-language prompts and feed the output of each successive step into the LLM to plan the next. This…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-10-11 Fangzhou Wu , Ethan Cecchetti , Chaowei Xiao

Customized Large Language Model (LLM) agents face a critical security threat from black-box instruction backdoors, where malicious behaviors are covertly injected through hidden system instructions. Although existing prompt-based defenses…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-17 Zhengxian Wu , Juan Wen , Wanli Peng , Haowei Chang , Yinghan Zhou , Yiming Xue

It is common to prove by reasoning over source code that programs do not leak sensitive data. But doing so leaves a gap between reasoning and reality that can only be filled by accounting for the behaviour of the compiler. This task is…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2020-10-23 Robert Sison , Toby Murray

Large Language Models (LLMs) bring transformative benefits alongside unique challenges, including intellectual property (IP) and ethical concerns. This position paper explores a novel angle to mitigate these risks, drawing parallels between…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-02 Jie Huang , Kevin Chen-Chuan Chang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have rapidly become integral to real-world applications, powering services across diverse sectors. However, their widespread deployment has exposed critical security risks, particularly through jailbreak prompts…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-22 Hanbin Hong , Shuya Feng , Nima Naderloui , Shenao Yan , Jingyu Zhang , Biying Liu , Ali Arastehfard , Heqing Huang , Yuan Hong