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Safety mechanisms for large language models (LLMs) remain predominantly English-centric, creating systematic vulnerabilities in multilingual deployment. Prior work shows that translating malicious prompts into other languages can…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-29 Shirin Alanova , Bogdan Minko , Sabrina Sadiekh , Evgeniy Kokuykin

Watermarking has emerged as a promising way to detect LLM-generated text, by augmenting LLM generations with later detectable signals. Recent work has proposed multiple families of watermarking schemes, several of which focus on preserving…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Thibaud Gloaguen , Nikola Jovanović , Robin Staab , Martin Vechev

Watermarking language models is essential for distinguishing between human and machine-generated text and thus maintaining the integrity and trustworthiness of digital communication. We present a novel green/red list watermarking approach…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-06-13 Yangxinyu Xie , Xiang Li , Tanwi Mallick , Weijie J. Su , Ruixun Zhang

Large language models (LLMs) continue to struggle with low-resource languages, primarily due to limited training data, translation noise, and unstable cross-lingual alignment. To address these challenges, we propose LiRA (Linguistic Robust…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Haolin Li , Haipeng Zhang , Mang Li , Yaohua Wang , Lijie Wen , Yu Zhang , Biqing Huang

Pre-trained multilingual language models (e.g., mBERT, XLM-RoBERTa) have significantly advanced the state-of-the-art for zero-shot cross-lingual information extraction. These language models ubiquitously rely on word segmentation techniques…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-02-24 Shantanu Agarwal , Steven Fincke , Chris Jenkins , Scott Miller , Elizabeth Boschee

AI-text detectors face a critical robustness challenge: adversarial paraphrasing attacks that preserve semantics while evading detection. We introduce StealthRL, a reinforcement learning framework that stress-tests detector robustness under…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-23 Suraj Ranganath , Atharv Ramesh

Motivated by the problem of detecting AI-generated text, we consider the problem of watermarking the output of language models with provable guarantees. We aim for watermarks which satisfy: (a) undetectability, a cryptographic notion…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-29 Noah Golowich , Ankur Moitra

Recent advancements in large language models (LLMs) have highlighted the risk of misusing them, raising the need for accurate detection of LLM-generated content. In response, a viable solution is to inject imperceptible identifiers into…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-11 Minjia Mao , Dongjun Wei , Zeyu Chen , Xiao Fang , Michael Chau

The fast-growing amount of information on the Internet makes the research in automatic document summarization very urgent. It is an effective solution for information overload. Many approaches have been proposed based on different…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-08-01 Kamal Al-Sabahi , Zuping Zhang , Jun Long , Khaled Alwesabi

The advancement of Large Language Models (LLMs) has led to increasing concerns about the misuse of AI-generated text, and watermarking for LLM-generated text has emerged as a potential solution. However, it is challenging to generate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-11 Yepeng Liu , Yuheng Bu

We introduce an extension to the CLRS algorithmic learning benchmark, prioritizing scalability and the utilization of sparse representations. Many algorithms in CLRS require global memory or information exchange, mirrored in its execution…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-21 Julian Minder , Florian Grötschla , Joël Mathys , Roger Wattenhofer

Watermarks are an essential tool for identifying AI-generated content. Recently, Christ and Gunn (CRYPTO '24) introduced pseudorandom error-correcting codes (PRCs), which are equivalent to watermarks with strong robustness and quality…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-10 Miranda Christ , Noah Golowich , Sam Gunn , Ankur Moitra , Daniel Wichs

Recent advances in Large Language Models (LLMs) have led to significant improvements in natural language processing tasks, but their ability to generate human-quality text raises significant ethical and operational concerns in settings…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-01-27 Adam Block , Ayush Sekhari , Alexander Rakhlin

Code Large Language Models (Code LLMs) have revolutionized software development but raised critical concerns regarding code provenance, copyright protection, and security. Existing code watermarking approaches suffer from two fundamental…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-20 Yuqing Nie , Chong Wang , Guosheng Xu , Guoai Xu , Chenyu Wang , Haoyu Wang , Kailong Wang

Distinguishing AI-generated code from human-written code is becoming crucial for tasks such as authorship attribution, content tracking, and misuse detection. Based on this, N-gram-based watermarking schemes have emerged as prominent, which…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-09 Gehao Zhang , Eugene Bagdasarian , Juan Zhai , Shiqing Ma

With the widespread adoption of open-source code language models (code LMs), intellectual property (IP) protection has become an increasingly critical concern. While current watermarking techniques have the potential to identify the code LM…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2025-09-18 Boyu Zhang , Ping He , Tianyu Du , Xuhong Zhang , Lei Yun , Kingsum Chow , Jianwei Yin

Semantic-level watermarking (SWM) for large language models (LLMs) enhances watermarking robustness against text modifications and paraphrasing attacks by treating the sentence as the fundamental unit. However, existing methods still lack…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Jiahao Huo , Shuliang Liu , Bin Wang , Junyan Zhang , Yibo Yan , Aiwei Liu , Xuming Hu , Mingxun Zhou

Watermarking generative-AI systems, such as LLMs, has gained considerable interest, driven by their enhanced capabilities across a wide range of tasks. Although current approaches have demonstrated that small, context-dependent shifts in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-29 Piotr Molenda , Adian Liusie , Mark J. F. Gales

Recently, LoRA and its variants have become the de facto strategy for training and sharing task-specific versions of large pretrained models, thanks to their efficiency and simplicity. However, the issue of copyright protection for LoRA…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-01-20 Giyeong Oh , Saejin Kim , Woohyun Cho , Sangkyu Lee , Jiwan Chung , Dokyung Song , Youngjae Yu

In the rapidly evolving domain of artificial intelligence, safeguarding the intellectual property of Large Language Models (LLMs) is increasingly crucial. Current watermarking techniques against model extraction attacks, which rely on…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-05-03 Minhao Bai , Kaiyi Pang , Yongfeng Huang