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Outcome-driven reinforcement learning has advanced reasoning in large language models (LLMs), but prevailing tool-augmented approaches train a single, monolithic policy that interleaves thoughts and tool calls under full context; this…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-08 Zhuofeng Li , Haoxiang Zhang , Seungju Han , Sheng Liu , Jianwen Xie , Yu Zhang , Yejin Choi , James Zou , Pan Lu

Pre-trained large language models (LLMs) have recently achieved better generalization and sample efficiency in autonomous web automation. However, the performance on real-world websites has still suffered from (1) open domainness, (2)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-27 Izzeddin Gur , Hiroki Furuta , Austin Huang , Mustafa Safdari , Yutaka Matsuo , Douglas Eck , Aleksandra Faust

This paper introduces a methodology based on agentic workflows for economic research that leverages Large Language Models (LLMs) and multimodal AI to enhance research efficiency and reproducibility. Our approach features autonomous and…

General Economics · Economics 2025-04-15 Herbert Dawid , Philipp Harting , Hankui Wang , Zhongli Wang , Jiachen Yi

As a model-agnostic approach to long context modeling, multi-agent systems can process inputs longer than a large language model's context window without retraining or architectural modifications. However, their performance often heavily…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-29 Taejong Joo , Shu Ishida , Ivan Sosnovik , Bryan Lim , Sahand Rezaei-Shoshtari , Adam Gaier , Robert Giaquinto

To fulfill user instructions, autonomous web agents must contend with the inherent complexity and volatile nature of real-world websites. Conventional paradigms predominantly rely on Supervised Fine-Tuning (SFT) or Offline Reinforcement…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Yuyu Guo , Wenjie Yang , Siyuan Yang , Ziyang Liu , Cheng Chen , Yuan Wei , Yun Hu , Yang Huang , Guoliang Hao , Dongsheng Yuan , Jianming Wang , Xin Chen , Hang Yu , Lei Lei , Peng Di

Owing to recent advancements, Large Language Models (LLMs) can now be deployed as agents for increasingly complex decision-making applications in areas including robotics, gaming, and API integration. However, reflecting past experiences in…

Despite improvements by length extrapolation, efficient attention and memory modules, handling infinitely long documents with linear complexity without performance degradation during extrapolation remains the ultimate challenge in long-text…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-04 Hongli Yu , Tinghong Chen , Jiangtao Feng , Jiangjie Chen , Weinan Dai , Qiying Yu , Ya-Qin Zhang , Wei-Ying Ma , Jingjing Liu , Mingxuan Wang , Hao Zhou

The rapid development of large language model (LLM)-based agents has unlocked new possibilities for autonomous multi-turn reasoning and tool-augmented decision-making. However, their real-world deployment is hindered by severe…

Large Language Models (LLMs) increasingly rely on agentic capabilities-iterative retrieval, tool use, and decision-making-to overcome the limits of static, parametric knowledge. Yet existing agentic frameworks treat external information as…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-24 Yuanfu Sun , Kang Li , Dongzhe Fan , Jiajin Liu , Qiaoyu Tan

Recent advancements in Large Language Model (LLM) agents have enabled complex multi-turn agentic tasks requiring extensive tool calling, where conversations can span dozens of API calls with increasingly large context windows. However,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Elias Lumer , Faheem Nizar , Akshaya Jangiti , Kevin Frank , Anmol Gulati , Mandar Phadate , Vamse Kumar Subbiah

Designing high-performance system heuristics is a creative, iterative process requiring experts to form hypotheses and execute multi-step conceptual shifts. While Large Language Models (LLMs) show promise in automating this loop, they…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Pantea Karimi , Kimia Noorbakhsh , Mohammad Alizadeh , Hari Balakrishnan

Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) have enabled LLM-based agents to directly interact with application user interfaces (UIs), enhancing agents' performance in complex tasks. However, these agents often suffer from high latency and low…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Junting Lu , Zhiyang Zhang , Fangkai Yang , Jue Zhang , Lu Wang , Chao Du , Qingwei Lin , Saravan Rajmohan , Dongmei Zhang , Qi Zhang

Agentic systems operating over large tool ecosystems must plan and execute long-horizon workflows under weak or non-verifiable supervision. While frontier models mitigate these challenges through scale and large context budgets, small…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Karan Gupta , Pranav Vajreshwari , Yash Pandya , Raghav Magazine , Akshay Nambi , Ahmed Awadallah

The autonomy and contextual complexity of LLM-based agents render traditional access control (AC) mechanisms insufficient. Static, rule-based systems designed for predictable environments are fundamentally ill-equipped to manage the dynamic…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Xinfeng Li , Dong Huang , Jie Li , Hongyi Cai , Zhenhong Zhou , Wei Dong , XiaoFeng Wang , Yang Liu

Despite the potential of language model-based agents to solve real-world tasks such as web navigation, current methods still struggle with long-horizon tasks with complex action trajectories. In contrast, humans can flexibly solve complex…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-12 Zora Zhiruo Wang , Jiayuan Mao , Daniel Fried , Graham Neubig

Large Language Model (LLM) agents, acting on their users' behalf to manipulate and analyze data, are likely to become the dominant workload for data systems in the future. When working with data, agents employ a high-throughput process of…

Document-level translation remains one of the most challenging tasks for large language models, which are constrained by limited context windows that impede global cohesion, while simultaneously suffering from redundant contextual…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Yutong Wang , Xuebo Liu , Derek F. Wong , Zhilin Li , Rongqing Jiang , Min Zhang , Shimin Tao , Daimeng Wei , Min Zhang

Large language models (LLMs) have shown strong potential in automating the design of agentic workflows. However, existing methods still rely heavily on manually predefined operators, limiting generalization and scalability. To address this…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-27 Mingming Zhao , Xiaokang Wei , Yuanqi Shao , Kaiwen Zhou , Lin Yang , Siwei Rao , Junhui Zhan , Zhitang Chen

Large Language Model (LLM) agents are deployed in complex environments -- such as massive codebases, enterprise databases, and conversational histories -- where the relevant state far exceeds their context windows. To navigate these spaces,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Chinmaya Kausik , Adith Swaminathan , Nathan Kallus

Addressing contextual privacy concerns remains challenging in interactive settings where large language models (LLMs) process information from multiple sources (e.g., summarizing meetings with private and public information). We introduce a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-26 Wenkai Li , Liwen Sun , Zhenxiang Guan , Xuhui Zhou , Maarten Sap