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In the meantime, a wide variety of terminologies, motivations, approaches, and evaluation criteria have been developed within the research field of explainable artificial intelligence (XAI). With the amount of XAI methods vastly growing, a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-10 Gesina Schwalbe , Bettina Finzel

The simulation of complex systems increasingly relies on sophisticated but fundamentally opaque computational black-box simulators. Surrogate models play a central role in reducing the computational cost of complex systems simulations…

As AI systems advance and integrate into society, well-designed and transparent evaluations are becoming essential tools in AI governance, informing decisions by providing evidence about system capabilities and risks. Yet there remains a…

The support of artificial intelligence (AI) based decision-making is a key element in future 6G networks, where the concept of native AI will be introduced. Moreover, AI is widely employed in different critical applications such as…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-04-08 Abdul Karim Gizzini , Yahia Medjahdi , Ali J. Ghandour , Laurent Clavier

Explainable AI (XAI) is an active research area to interpret a neural network's decision by ensuring transparency and trust in the task-specified learned models. Recently, perturbation-based model analysis has shown better interpretation,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-02-17 Mahesh Sudhakar , Sam Sattarzadeh , Konstantinos N. Plataniotis , Jongseong Jang , Yeonjeong Jeong , Hyunwoo Kim

Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) is increasingly required in computational economics, where machine-learning forecasters can outperform classical econometric models but remain difficult to audit and use for policy. This survey…

General Economics · Economics 2025-12-16 Agustín García-García , Pablo Hidalgo , Julio E. Sandubete

Artificial intelligence (AI) is currently based largely on black-box machine learning models which lack interpretability. The field of eXplainable AI (XAI) strives to address this major concern, being critical in high-stakes areas such as…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-06-26 Sean Tull , Robin Lorenz , Stephen Clark , Ilyas Khan , Bob Coecke

Explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) plays an indispensable role in demystifying the decision-making processes of AI, especially within the healthcare industry. Clinicians rely heavily on detailed reasoning when making a diagnosis,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-03-26 Anna Stubbin , Thompson Chyrikov , Jim Zhao , Christina Chajo

eXplainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) has emerged as an essential requirement when dealing with mission-critical applications, ensuring transparency and interpretability of the employed black box AI models. The significance of XAI spans…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-11-28 Hossein Shreim , Abdul Karim Gizzini , Ali J. Ghandour

The rising popularity of explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) to understand high-performing black boxes raised the question of how to evaluate explanations of machine learning (ML) models. While interpretability and explainability are…

Despite significant progress, evaluation of explainable artificial intelligence remains elusive and challenging. In this paper we propose a fine-grained validation framework that is not overly reliant on any one facet of these…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-03-20 Kacper Sokol , Julia E. Vogt

Recent years have seen important advances in the quality of state-of-the-art models, but this has come at the expense of models becoming less interpretable. This survey presents an overview of the current state of Explainable AI (XAI),…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-16 Marina Danilevsky , Kun Qian , Ranit Aharonov , Yannis Katsis , Ban Kawas , Prithviraj Sen

This study explores the integration of multiple Explainable AI (XAI) techniques to enhance the interpretability of deep learning models for brain tumour detection. A custom Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) was developed and trained on the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-06 Patrick McGonagle , William Farrelly , Kevin Curran

Explainable AI (XAI) holds significant promise for enhancing the transparency and trustworthiness of AI-driven threat detection in Security Operations Centers (SOCs). However, identifying the appropriate level and format of explanation,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-22 Nidhi Rastogi , Shirid Pant , Devang Dhanuka , Amulya Saxena , Pranjal Mairal

Research into explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) for data analysis tasks suffer from a large number of contradictions and lack of concrete design recommendations stemming from gaps in understanding the tasks that require AI…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-15 Hamzah Ziadeh , Hendrik Knoche

Visual recognition models have achieved unprecedented success in various tasks. While researchers aim to understand the underlying mechanisms of these models, the growing demand for deployment in safety-critical areas like autonomous…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-12 Qiyang Wan , Chengzhi Gao , Ruiping Wang , Xilin Chen

With an increase in deep learning-based methods, the call for explainability of such methods grows, especially in high-stakes decision making areas such as medical image analysis. This survey presents an overview of eXplainable Artificial…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-05-06 Bas H. M. van der Velden , Hugo J. Kuijf , Kenneth G. A. Gilhuijs , Max A. Viergever

In the last years, Artificial Intelligence (AI) has achieved a notable momentum that may deliver the best of expectations over many application sectors across the field. For this to occur, the entire community stands in front of the barrier…

Explainable AI (XAI) is widely viewed as a sine qua non for ever-expanding AI research. A better understanding of the needs of XAI users, as well as human-centered evaluations of explainable models are both a necessity and a challenge. In…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-10-17 Yao Rong , Tobias Leemann , Thai-trang Nguyen , Lisa Fiedler , Peizhu Qian , Vaibhav Unhelkar , Tina Seidel , Gjergji Kasneci , Enkelejda Kasneci

This paper systematically derives design dimensions for the structured evaluation of explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) approaches. These dimensions enable a descriptive characterization, facilitating comparisons between different…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2020-09-15 Fabian Sperrle , Mennatallah El-Assady , Grace Guo , Duen Horng Chau , Alex Endert , Daniel Keim