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Despite their remarkable achievements, modern Large Language Models (LLMs) face exorbitant computational and memory footprints. Recently, several works have shown significant success in training-free and data-free compression (pruning and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-19 Ajay Jaiswal , Zhe Gan , Xianzhi Du , Bowen Zhang , Zhangyang Wang , Yinfei Yang

Quantization is widely adopted to accelerate inference and reduce memory consumption in large language models (LLMs). While activation-weight joint quantization enables efficient low-precision decoding, it suffers from substantial…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-03 Juntao Zhao , Wenhao Lu , Sheng Wang , Lingpeng Kong , Chuan Wu

Large language models (LLMs) achieve strong performance but incur high deployment costs, motivating extremely low-bit but lossy quantization. Existing quantization algorithms mainly focus on improving the numerical accuracy of forward…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Yuzhuang Xu , Xu Han , Yuxuan Li , Pengzhan Li , Wanxiang Che

While the transformer architecture has achieved state-of-the-art performance on natural language processing tasks, these models impose substantial memory and computational overhead. Recent research has identified significant architectural…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-01 Shivanshu Kumar , Gopalakrishnan Srinivasan

Vision Transformers (ViTs) have shown impressive performance and have become a unified backbone for multiple vision tasks. However, both the attention mechanism and multi-layer perceptrons (MLPs) in ViTs are not sufficiently efficient due…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-26 Haoran You , Huihong Shi , Yipin Guo , Yingyan Celine Lin

Gradient estimation is a central challenge in training parameterized quantum circuits (PQCs) for hybrid quantum-classical optimization and learning problems. This difficulty arises from several factors, including the exponential…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-25 Mohsen Heidari , Masih Mozakka , Wojciech Szpankowski

This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of quantization techniques for optimizing Large Language Models (LLMs), specifically focusing on Post-Training Quantization (PTQ) and Quantization-Aware Training (QAT). Through empirical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-12 Jahid Hasan

Large Language Models (LLMs) have enabled remarkable progress in natural language processing, yet their high computational and memory demands pose challenges for deployment in resource-constrained environments. Although recent low-rank…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-09 Jiayi Tian , Ryan Solgi , Jinming Lu , Yifan Yang , Hai Li , Zheng Zhang

Vision generative models have recently made significant advancements along two primary paradigms: diffusion-style and language-style, both of which have demonstrated excellent scaling laws. Quantization is crucial for efficiently deploying…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-01-14 Xin Ding , Shijie Cao , Ting Cao , Zhibo Chen

Large Language Models (LLMs) have reshaped the landscape of artificial intelligence by demonstrating exceptional performance across various tasks. However, substantial computational requirements make their deployment challenging on devices…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-05 Chi-Heng Lin , Shangqian Gao , James Seale Smith , Abhishek Patel , Shikhar Tuli , Yilin Shen , Hongxia Jin , Yen-Chang Hsu

The growth of long-context Large Language Models (LLMs) significantly increases memory and bandwidth pressure during autoregressive decoding due to the expanding Key-Value (KV) cache. While accuracy-preserving KV-cache quantization (e.g.,…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-01-06 Dayou Du , Shijie Cao , Jianyi Cheng , Luo Mai , Ting Cao , Mao Yang

Large language models (LLMs) have shown promising performance across various tasks. However, their autoregressive decoding process poses significant challenges for efficient deployment on existing AI hardware. Quantization alleviates memory…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-01 Guanxi Lu , Hao Mark Chen , Zhiqiang Que , Wayne Luk , Hongxiang Fan

The efficient distributed training of Large Language Models (LLMs) is severely hampered by the extreme variance in context lengths. This data heterogeneity, amplified by conventional packing strategies and asymmetric forward-backward costs,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Yuliang Liu , Guohao Wu , Shenglong Zhang , Wei Zhang , Qianchao Zhu , Zhouyang Li , Chenyu Wang

Frontier AI models have achieved remarkable progress, yet recent studies suggest they struggle with compositional reasoning, often performing at or below random chance on established benchmarks. We revisit this problem and show that widely…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-27 Yinglun Zhu , Jiancheng Zhang , Fuzhi Tang

The size of a model has been a strong predictor of its quality, as well as its cost. As such, the trade-off between model cost and quality has been well-studied. Post-training optimizations like quantization and pruning have typically…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-29 Giuseppe Franco , Pablo Monteagudo-Lago , Ian Colbert , Nicholas Fraser , Michaela Blott

Quantization-aware training (QAT) is an effective method to drastically reduce the memory footprint of LLMs while keeping performance degradation at an acceptable level. However, the optimal choice of quantization format and bit-width…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-18 Sohir Maskey , Constantin Eichenberg , Johannes Messner , Douglas Orr

Despite the superior performance, Large Language Models~(LLMs) require significant computational resources for deployment and use. To overcome this issue, quantization methods have been widely applied to reduce the memory footprint of LLMs…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-07-27 Peiyu Liu , Zikang Liu , Ze-Feng Gao , Dawei Gao , Wayne Xin Zhao , Yaliang Li , Bolin Ding , Ji-Rong Wen

The deployment of Large Language Models (LLMs) on edge devices is fundamentally constrained by the "Memory Wall" -- a hardware limitation where memory bandwidth, not compute, becomes the bottleneck. Recent 1.58-bit quantization techniques…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-06 David Alejandro Trejo Pizzo

Powerful generative artificial intelligence from large language models (LLMs) harnesses extensive computational resources for inference. In this work, we investigate the transformer architecture, a key component of these models, under the…

The increasing size of large language models has posed challenges for deployment and raised concerns about environmental impact due to high energy consumption. In this work, we introduce BitNet, a scalable and stable 1-bit Transformer…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-18 Hongyu Wang , Shuming Ma , Li Dong , Shaohan Huang , Huaijie Wang , Lingxiao Ma , Fan Yang , Ruiping Wang , Yi Wu , Furu Wei