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The impressive capabilities of large language models (LLMs) have sparked debate over whether these models genuinely generalize to unseen tasks or predominantly rely on memorizing vast amounts of pretraining data. To explore this issue, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Xinyi Wang , Antonis Antoniades , Yanai Elazar , Alfonso Amayuelas , Alon Albalak , Kexun Zhang , William Yang Wang

Quantum machine learning offers a transformative approach to solving complex problems, but the inherent noise hinders its practical implementation in near-term quantum devices. This obstacle makes it difficult to understand the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-05 Bikram Khanal , Pablo Rivas

Recent advances in deep generative models have led to impressive results in a variety of application domains. Motivated by the possibility that deep learning models might memorize part of the input data, there have been increased efforts to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-30 Gerrit J. J. van den Burg , Christopher K. I. Williams

The generalization gap of a classifier is related to the complexity of the set of functions among which the classifier is chosen. We study a family of low-complexity classifiers consisting of thresholding a random one-dimensional feature.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-12 Mireille Boutin , Evzenie Coupkova

Neural Combinatorial Optimization approaches have recently leveraged the expressiveness and flexibility of deep neural networks to learn efficient heuristics for hard Combinatorial Optimization (CO) problems. However, most of the current…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-04 Sahil Manchanda , Sofia Michel , Darko Drakulic , Jean-Marc Andreoli

Established approaches to obtain generalization bounds in data-driven optimization and machine learning mostly build on solutions from empirical risk minimization (ERM), which depend crucially on the functional complexity of the hypothesis…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2022-10-14 Yibo Zeng , Henry Lam

Standard accounts of memory consolidation emphasise the stabilisation of stored representations, but struggle to explain representational drift, semanticisation, or the necessity of offline replay. Here we propose that high-capacity…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2026-03-06 Zafeirios Fountas , Adnan Oomerjee , Haitham Bou-Ammar , Jun Wang , Neil Burgess

Modern language models can contain billions of parameters, raising the question of whether they can generalize beyond the training data or simply parrot their training corpora. We provide the first non-vacuous generalization bounds for…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-07-18 Sanae Lotfi , Marc Finzi , Yilun Kuang , Tim G. J. Rudner , Micah Goldblum , Andrew Gordon Wilson

Minimax problems have achieved success in machine learning such as adversarial training, robust optimization, reinforcement learning. For theoretical analysis, current optimal excess risk bounds, which are composed by generalization error…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-14 Bowei Zhu , Shaojie Li , Yong Liu

We are motivated by the problem of providing strong generalization guarantees in the context of meta-learning. Existing generalization bounds are either challenging to evaluate or provide vacuous guarantees in even relatively simple…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-27 Alec Farid , Anirudha Majumdar

Mutual information (MI) minimization has gained considerable interests in various machine learning tasks. However, estimating and minimizing MI in high-dimensional spaces remains a challenging problem, especially when only samples, rather…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-07-27 Pengyu Cheng , Weituo Hao , Shuyang Dai , Jiachang Liu , Zhe Gan , Lawrence Carin

We give a novel, unified derivation of conditional PAC-Bayesian and mutual information (MI) generalization bounds. We derive conditional MI bounds as an instance, with special choice of prior, of conditional MAC-Bayesian (Mean Approximately…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-18 Peter Grünwald , Thomas Steinke , Lydia Zakynthinou

We study in this paper lower bounds for the generalization error of models derived from multi-layer neural networks, in the regime where the size of the layers is commensurate with the number of samples in the training data. We show that…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-07-08 Inbar Seroussi , Ofer Zeitouni

This paper explores a multimodal co-training framework designed to enhance model generalization in situations where labeled data is limited and distribution shifts occur. We thoroughly examine the theoretical foundations of this framework,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-10 Tianyu Bell Pan , Damon L. Woodard

Query-driven machine learning models have emerged as a promising estimation technique for query selectivities. Yet, surprisingly little is known about the efficacy of these techniques from a theoretical perspective, as there exist…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-05-19 Peizhi Wu , Haoshu Xu , Ryan Marcus , Zachary G. Ives

Deep learning models have a propensity for fitting the entire training set even with random labels, which requires memorization of every training sample. In this paper, we explore the memorization effect in adversarial training (AT) for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-03-15 Yinpeng Dong , Ke Xu , Xiao Yang , Tianyu Pang , Zhijie Deng , Hang Su , Jun Zhu

Many learning paradigms self-select training data in light of previously learned parameters. Examples include active learning, semi-supervised learning, bandits, or boosting. Rodemann et al. (2024) unify them under the framework of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-13 Julian Rodemann , James Bailie

We study problem-dependent rates, i.e., generalization errors that scale near-optimally with the variance, the effective loss, or the gradient norms evaluated at the "best hypothesis." We introduce a principled framework dubbed "uniform…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-12-25 Yunbei Xu , Assaf Zeevi

This note examines the behavior of generalization capabilities - as defined by out-of-sample mean squared error (MSE) - of Linear Gaussian (with a fixed design matrix) and Linear Least Squares regression. Particularly, we consider a…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2021-09-21 Karthik Duraisamy

The classical statistical learning theory implies that fitting too many parameters leads to overfitting and poor performance. That modern deep neural networks generalize well despite a large number of parameters contradicts this finding and…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-10-18 Masaaki Imaizumi , Johannes Schmidt-Hieber