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The search of information in large text repositories has been plagued by the so-called document-query vocabulary gap, i.e. the semantic discordance between the contents in the stored document entities on the one hand and the human query on…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2020-04-22 Bhawani Selvaretnam , Mohammed Belkhatir

User-chosen passwords remain essential to online security, and yet people continue to choose weak, insecure passwords. In this work, we investigate whether prospect theory, a behavioral model of how people evaluate risk, can provide…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-01-06 Eryn Ma , Summer Hasama , Eshaan Lumba , Eleanor Birrell

While humans naturally learn and adapt from past experiences, large language models (LLMs) and their agentic counterparts struggle to retain reasoning from previous tasks and apply them in future contexts. To address this limitation, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-21 Peter Baile Chen , Yi Zhang , Dan Roth , Samuel Madden , Jacob Andreas , Michael Cafarella

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) enhances language models by grounding responses in external information, yet explainability remains a critical challenge, particularly when retrieval relies on unstructured text. Knowledge graphs (KGs)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-14 Georgios Balanos , Evangelos Chasanis , Konstantinos Skianis , Evaggelia Pitoura

Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) techniques have emerged as a promising solution to enhance the reliability of large language models (LLMs) by addressing issues like hallucinations, outdated knowledge, and domain adaptation. In…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-28 Weihang Su , Yichen Tang , Qingyao Ai , Junxi Yan , Changyue Wang , Hongning Wang , Ziyi Ye , Yujia Zhou , Yiqun Liu

As network security issues continue gaining prominence, password security has become crucial in safeguarding personal information and network systems. This study first introduces various methods for system password cracking, outlines…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-11 Jiazhi Mo , Hailu Kuang , Xiaoqi Li

A password composition policy restricts the space of allowable passwords to eliminate weak passwords that are vulnerable to statistical guessing attacks. Usability studies have demonstrated that existing password composition policies can…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2013-02-26 Jeremiah Blocki , Saranga Komanduri , Ariel Procaccia , Or Sheffet

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) systems augment large language models with external knowledge, yet introduce a critical security vulnerability: RAG Knowledge Base Leakage, wherein adversarial prompts can induce the model to divulge…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Yuanbo Xie , Yingjie Zhang , Yulin Li , Shouyou Song , Xiaokun Chen , Zhihan Liu , Liya Su , Tingwen Liu

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG), by incorporating external knowledge with parametric memory of language models, has become the state-of-the-art architecture for open-domain QA tasks. However, common knowledge bases are inherently…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-01 Zhebin Zhang , Xinyu Zhang , Yuanhang Ren , Saijiang Shi , Meng Han , Yongkang Wu , Ruofei Lai , Zhao Cao

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) has been empirically shown to enhance the performance of large language models (LLMs) in knowledge-intensive domains such as healthcare, finance, and legal contexts. Given a query, RAG retrieves relevant…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Xun Xian , Ganghua Wang , Xuan Bi , Jayanth Srinivasa , Ashish Kundu , Charles Fleming , Mingyi Hong , Jie Ding

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) enhances language models by retrieving and incorporating relevant external knowledge. However, traditional retrieve-and-generate processes may not be optimized for real-world scenarios, where queries…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-28 Ingeol Baek , Hwan Chang , Byeongjeong Kim , Jimin Lee , Hwanhee Lee

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) systems enhance large language models (LLMs) by incorporating external knowledge bases, but this may expose them to extraction attacks, leading to potential copyright and privacy risks. However, existing…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Yuhao Wang , Wenjie Qu , Shengfang Zhai , Yanze Jiang , Zichen Liu , Yue Liu , Yinpeng Dong , Jiaheng Zhang

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) enables large language models (LLMs) to access broader knowledge sources, yet factual inconsistencies persist due to noise in retrieved documents-even with advanced retrieval methods. We demonstrate that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-04 Yongjian Li , HaoCheng Chu , Yukun Yan , Zhenghao Liu , Shi Yu , Zheni Zeng , Ruobing Wang , Sen Song , Zhiyuan Liu , Maosong Sun

We introduce password strength information signaling as a novel, yet counter-intuitive, defense mechanism against password cracking attacks. Recent breaches have exposed billions of user passwords to the dangerous threat of offline password…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-08-17 Wenjie Bai , Jeremiah Blocki , Ben Harsha

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) improves factual accuracy by grounding responses in external knowledge. However, existing RAG methods either rely solely on text corpora and neglect structural knowledge, or build ad-hoc knowledge graphs…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Dingjun Wu , Yukun Yan , Zhenghao Liu , Zhiyuan Liu , Maosong Sun

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) grounds large language models with external evidence, but many implementations rely on pre-built indices that remain static after construction. Related queries therefore repeat similar multi-hop…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Yifan Wang , Mingxuan Jiang , Zhihao Sun , Yixin Cao , Yicun Liu , Keyang Chen , Guangnan Ye , Hongfeng Chai

Large language models (LLMs) have transformed natural language processing (NLP), enabling applications from content generation to decision support. Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) improves LLMs by incorporating external knowledge but…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Zirui Cheng , Jikai Sun , Anjun Gao , Yueyang Quan , Zhuqing Liu , Xiaohua Hu , Minghong Fang

Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG) has emerged as a widely adopted approach to mitigate the limitations of large language models (LLMs) in answering domain-specific questions. Previous research has predominantly focused on improving the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-07 Mohammad Hassan Heydari , Arshia Hemmat , Erfan Naman , Afsaneh Fatemi

Probabilistic password strength meters have been proved to be the most accurate tools to measure password strength. Unfortunately, by construction, they are limited to solely produce an opaque security estimation that fails to fully support…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-05-13 Dario Pasquini , Giuseppe Ateniese , Massimo Bernaschi

Retrieval-augmented large language models (LLMs) have been remarkably competent in various NLP tasks. However, it was observed by previous works that retrieval is not always helpful, especially when the LLM is already knowledgeable on the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-16 Chengkai Huang , Yu Xia , Rui Wang , Kaige Xie , Tong Yu , Julian McAuley , Lina Yao