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Experimental design has emerged as a powerful approach for improving the sample efficiency of A/B testing, yet existing designs rely critically on correctly specified models. We study robust sequential experimental design under model…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-05-14 Qianglin Wen , Xiangkun Wu , Chengchun Shi , Ting Li , Niansheng Tang , Yingying Zhang , Hongtu Zhu

Hierarchical random effect models are used for different purposes in clinical research and other areas. In general, the main focus is on population parameters related to the expected treatment effects or group differences among all units of…

Applications · Statistics 2021-04-07 Maryna Prus , Norbert Benda , Rainer Schwabe

Randomized experiments are the gold standard for estimating the causal effects of an intervention. In the simplest setting, each experimental unit is randomly assigned to receive treatment or control, and then the outcomes in each treatment…

Methodology · Statistics 2020-06-05 Guillaume Basse , Yi Ding , Panos Toulis

We consider repeated measurement designs when a residual or carry-over effect may be present in at most one later period. Since assuming an additive model may be unrealistic for some applications and leads to biased estimation of treatment…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2014-11-20 R. A. Bailey , P. Druilhet

Estimating the effects of interventions in networks is complicated when the units are interacting, such that the outcomes for one unit may depend on the treatment assignment and behavior of many or all other units (i.e., there is…

Methodology · Statistics 2014-08-15 Dean Eckles , Brian Karrer , Johan Ugander

Regression discontinuity designs have been widely used in observational studies to estimate causal effects of an intervention or treatment at a cutoff point. We propose a generalization of regression discontinuity designs to handle complex…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-06-24 Daisuke Kurisu , Yidong Zhou , Taisuke Otsu , Hans-Georg Müller

Adaptive experiments use preliminary analyses of the data to inform further course of action and are commonly used in many disciplines including medical and social sciences. Because the null hypothesis and experimental design are…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-05-26 Tobias Freidling , Qingyuan Zhao , Zijun Gao

The regression discontinuity (RD) design offers identification of causal effects under weak assumptions, earning it a position as a standard method in modern political science research. But identification does not necessarily imply that…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-03-14 Drew Stommes , P. M. Aronow , Fredrik Sävje

Regression analyses based on transformations of cumulative incidence functions are often adopted when modeling and testing for treatment effects in clinical trial settings involving competing and semi-competing risks. Common frameworks…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-01-11 Alexandra Bühler , Richard J Cook , Jerald F Lawless

In this review, we present econometric and statistical methods for analyzing randomized experiments. For basic experiments we stress randomization-based inference as opposed to sampling-based inference. In randomization-based inference,…

Methodology · Statistics 2017-10-26 Susan Athey , Guido Imbens

In this paper we propose a new template for empirical studies intended to assess causal effects: the outcome-wide longitudinal design. The approach is an extension of what is often done to assess the causal effects of a treatment or…

Methodology · Statistics 2018-10-25 Tyler J. VanderWeele , Maya B. Mathur , Ying Chen

When we interpret linear regression as estimating causal effects justified by quasi-experimental treatment variation, what do we mean? This paper formalizes a minimal criterion for quasi-experimental interpretation and characterizes its…

Econometrics · Economics 2026-01-21 Jiafeng Chen

Scientific researchers utilize randomized experiments to draw casual statements. Most early studies as well as current work on experiments with sequential intervention decisions has been focusing on estimating the causal effects among…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-07-27 Jingying Zeng

Delayed outcomes are ubiquitous in online experimentation. When such a temporal dimension is present, treatment influences not only the outcome value but also the outcome timing, which can move in opposite directions. Motivated by the…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-03-30 Michael Lindon , Nathan Kallus

The advantages of adaptive experiments have led to their rapid adoption in economics, other fields, as well as among practitioners. However, adaptive experiments pose challenges for causal inference. This note suggests a BOLS (batched…

Econometrics · Economics 2025-12-12 Jan Kemper , Davud Rostam-Afschar

This article provides an introduction to the Regression Discontinuity (RD) design, and its application to empirical research in the medical sciences. While the main focus of this article is on causal interpretation, key concepts of…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-08-07 Matias D. Cattaneo , Rocio Titiunik

Estimation of social influence in networks can be substantially biased in observational studies due to homophily and network correlation in exposure to exogenous events. Randomized experiments, in which the researcher intervenes in the…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2017-09-28 Sean J. Taylor , Dean Eckles

This paper concerns robust inference on average treatment effects following model selection. In the selection on observables framework, we show how to construct confidence intervals based on a doubly-robust estimator that are robust to…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2018-04-13 Max H. Farrell

We extend the continuity-based framework to Regression Discontinuity Designs (RDDs) to identify and estimate causal effects under interference when units are connected through a network. Assignment to an "effective treatment," combining the…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-11-20 Elena Dal Torrione , Tiziano Arduini , Laura Forastiere

We develop a framework for difference-in-differences designs with staggered treatment adoption and heterogeneous causal effects. We show that conventional regression-based estimators fail to provide unbiased estimates of relevant estimands…

Econometrics · Economics 2024-01-18 Kirill Borusyak , Xavier Jaravel , Jann Spiess