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Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) hold significant promise for revolutionizing traditional education and reducing teachers' workload. However, accurately interpreting unconstrained STEM student handwritten solutions with intertwined…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Weiyu Sun , Liangliang Chen , Yongnuo Cai , Huiru Xie , Yi Zeng , Ying Zhang

Recent advancements in Large Vision-Language Models (LVLMs) have significantly enhanced their ability to integrate visual and linguistic information, achieving near-human proficiency in tasks like object recognition, captioning, and visual…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-05-14 Zhikai Wang , Jiashuo Sun , Wenqi Zhang , Zhiqiang Hu , Xin Li , Fan Wang , Deli Zhao

Handwritten mathematical expression recognition (HMER) is challenging in image-to-text tasks due to the complex layouts of mathematical expressions and suffers from problems including over-parsing and under-parsing. To solve these, previous…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-03-06 Yutian Liu , Wenjun Ke , Jianguo Wei

The potential of Vision-Language Models (VLMs) often remains underutilized in handling complex text-based problems, particularly when these problems could benefit from visual representation. Resonating with humans' ability to solve complex…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-02-23 Syeda Nahida Akter , Aman Madaan , Sangwu Lee , Yiming Yang , Eric Nyberg

A hallmark of advanced artificial intelligence is the capacity to progress from passive visual perception to the strategic modification of visual information to facilitate complex reasoning. This advanced capability, however, remains…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-19 Jingkun Ma , Runzhe Zhan , Yang Li , Di Sun , Hou Pong Chan , Lidia S. Chao , Derek F. Wong

Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) have shown promising reasoning abilities, yet evaluating their performance in specialized domains remains challenging. STEM reasoning is a particularly valuable testbed because it provides highly…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Jing Jin , Hao Liu , Yan Bai , Yihang Lou , Zhenke Wang , Tianrun Yuan , Juntong Chen , Yongkang Zhu , Fanhu Zeng , Xuanyu Zhu , Tao Feng , Yige Xu

Recent generative models have achieved remarkable progress in image editing. However, existing systems and benchmarks remain largely text-guided. In contrast, human communication is inherently multimodal, where visual instructions such as…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Huanyu Zhang , Xuehai Bai , Chengzu Li , Chen Liang , Haochen Tian , Haodong Li , Ruichuan An , Yifan Zhang , Anna Korhonen , Zhang Zhang , Liang Wang , Tieniu Tan

Recent advances in Vision-Language Models (VLMs) have achieved impressive progress in multimodal mathematical reasoning. Yet, how much visual information truly contributes to reasoning remains unclear. Existing benchmarks report strong…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-01 Yuandong Wang , Yao Cui , Yuxin Zhao , Zhen Yang , Yangfu Zhu , Zhenzhou Shao

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have shown promising capabilities in mathematical reasoning within visual contexts across various datasets. However, most existing multimodal math benchmarks are limited to single-visual contexts,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-04 Peijie Wang , Zhong-Zhi Li , Fei Yin , Xin Yang , Dekang Ran , Cheng-Lin Liu

Assessing long-form responses generated by Vision-Language Models (VLMs) is challenging. It not only requires checking whether the VLM follows the given instruction but also verifying whether the text output is properly grounded on the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-15 Seongyun Lee , Seungone Kim , Sue Hyun Park , Geewook Kim , Minjoon Seo

Vision-Language Models (VLMs) have achieved impressive performance in cross-modal understanding across textual and visual inputs, yet existing benchmarks predominantly focus on pure-text queries. In real-world scenarios, language also…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Qing'an Liu , Juntong Feng , Yuhao Wang , Xinzhe Han , Yujie Cheng , Yue Zhu , Haiwen Diao , Yunzhi Zhuge , Huchuan Lu

Despite rapid progress in vision-language and large language models (VLMs and LLMs), their effectiveness for AI-driven educational assessment in real-world, underrepresented classrooms remains largely unexplored. We evaluate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-02 Nurul Aisyah , Muhammad Dehan Al Kautsar , Arif Hidayat , Raqib Chowdhury , Fajri Koto

Despite the remarkable progress of Vision-Language Models (VLMs) in adopting "Thinking-with-Images" capabilities, accurately evaluating the authenticity of their reasoning process remains a critical challenge. Existing benchmarks mainly…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Xuchen Li , Xuzhao Li , Renjie Pi , Shiyu Hu , Jian Zhao , Jiahui Gao

Planning physically feasible dexterous hand manipulation is a central challenge in robotic manipulation and Embodied AI. Prior work typically relies on object-centric cues or precise hand-object interaction sequences, foregoing the rich,…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Zhenhao Zhang , Jiaxin Liu , Ye Shi , Jingya Wang

Generating accurate and consistent visual aids is a critical challenge in mathematics education, where visual representations like geometric shapes and functions play a pivotal role in enhancing student comprehension. This paper introduces…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-11 Jeongwoo Lee , Kwangsuk Park , Jihyeon Park

Current large vision-language models (LVLMs) typically employ a connector module to link visual features with text embeddings of large language models (LLMs) and use end-to-end training to achieve multi-modal understanding in a unified…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-14 Zixian Guo , Ming Liu , Qilong Wang , Zhilong Ji , Jinfeng Bai , Lei Zhang , Wangmeng Zuo

Students' academic emotions significantly influence their social behavior and learning performance. Traditional approaches to automatically and accurately analyze these emotions have predominantly relied on supervised machine learning…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-13 Deliang Wang , Chao Yang , Gaowei Chen

The handwriting of Chinese characters is a fundamental aspect of learning the Chinese language. Previous automated assessment methods often framed scoring as a regression problem. However, this score-only feedback lacks actionable guidance,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Chen Zheng , Yuxuan Lai , Haoyang Lu , Wentao Ma , Jitao Yang , Jian Wang

This course design aims to develop and research a handwriting matrix recognition and step-by-step visual calculation process display system, addressing the issue of abstract formulas and complex calculation steps that students find…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-09 TianYi Yu

Adaptive learning refers to educational technologies that track learners' learning progress and adapt the instructional process based on individual learners' learning performance. It is increasingly recognized as critical for developing an…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Jie Gao , Yongan Yu , Junzhu Su , Yiran Lin , Adam K. Dube , Jackie Chi Kit Cheung