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Speech emotions play a crucial role in human-computer interaction, shaping engagement and context-aware communication. Despite recent advances in spoken dialogue systems, a holistic system for evaluating emotional reasoning is still…

Speech language models (SLMs) have significantly extended the interactive capability of text-based Large Language Models (LLMs) by incorporating paralinguistic information. For more realistic interactive experience with customized styles,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Haishu Zhao , Aokai Hao , Yuan Ge , Zhenqiang Hong , Tong Xiao , Jingbo Zhu

Empathy is critical for effective and satisfactory conversational communication. Prior efforts to measure conversational empathy mostly focus on expressed communicative intents -- that is, the way empathy is expressed. Yet, these works…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-15 Zhichao Xu , Jiepu Jiang

Recent multi-modal Large Language Models (LLMs) such as GPT-4o have demonstrated strong capabilities of direct speech interaction. However, the lack of specialized and comprehensive benchmarks for end-to-end speech LLM evaluation hinders…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-29 Linhao Zhang , Jian Zhang , Bokai Lei , Chuhan Wu , Aiwei Liu , Wei Jia , Xiao Zhou

Speech inherently contains rich acoustic information that extends far beyond the textual language. In real-world spoken language understanding, effective interpretation often requires integrating semantic meaning (e.g., content),…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Dingdong Wang , Junan Li , Jincenzi Wu , Dongchao Yang , Xueyuan Chen , Tianhua Zhang , Helen Meng

Speech encompasses a wealth of information, including but not limited to content, paralinguistic, and environmental information. This comprehensive nature of speech significantly impacts communication and is crucial for human-computer…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-17 Junyi Ao , Yuancheng Wang , Xiaohai Tian , Dekun Chen , Jun Zhang , Lu Lu , Yuxuan Wang , Haizhou Li , Zhizheng Wu

While the automatic evaluation of omni-modal large models (OLMs) is essential, assessing empathy remains a significant challenge due to its inherent affectivity. To investigate this challenge, we introduce AEQ-Bench (Audio Empathy Quotient…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-16 Xuan Luo , Lewei Yao , Libo Zhao , Lanqing Hong , Kai Chen , Dehua Tao , Daxin Tan , Ruifeng Xu , Jing Li

Conversational agents have made significant progress since ELIZA, expanding their role across various domains, including healthcare, education, and customer service. As these agents become increasingly integrated into daily human…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-07-04 Paulo Ricardo Knob , Leonardo Scholler , Juliano Rigatti , Soraia Raupp Musse

Recent advances in Speech Large Language Models (Speech LLMs) have led to great progress in speech understanding tasks such as Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) and Speech Emotion Recognition (SER). However, whether these models can…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-12-01 Chen Li , Peiji Yang , Yicheng Zhong , Jianxing Yu , Zhisheng Wang , Zihao Gou , Wenqing Chen , Jian Yin

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable performance across various information-seeking and reasoning tasks. These computational systems drive state-of-the-art dialogue systems, such as ChatGPT and Bard. They also carry…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-13 Siyuan Brandon Loh , Aravind Sesagiri Raamkumar

Speech Large Language Models (LLMs) show great promise for speech emotion recognition (SER) via generative interfaces. However, shifting from closed-set classification to open text generation introduces zero-shot stochasticity, making…

Sound · Computer Science 2026-03-11 Hezhao Zhang , Huang-Cheng Chou , Shrikanth Narayanan , Thomas Hain

Evaluating Large Language Models (LLMs) for mental health support is challenging due to the emotionally and cognitively complex nature of therapeutic dialogue. Existing benchmarks are limited in scale, reliability, often relying on…

Despite recent advances in understanding and leveraging long-range conversational memory, existing benchmarks still lack systematic evaluation of large language models(LLMs) across diverse memory dimensions, particularly in multi-session…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-08 Ye Shen , Dun Pei , Yiqiu Guo , Junying Wang , Yijin Guo , Zicheng Zhang , Qi Jia , Jun Zhou , Guangtao Zhai

Emotional intelligence (EI), the ability to perceive, understand, and respond appropriately to others' emotional states, is central to human communication, and increasingly important to assess as LLMs assume conversational roles in everyday…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Kate M. Lubrano , Faisal Sayed , Ankita Rathod , Akshansh , Craver Corbyn Thomas-Smith , Mark E. Whiting , Karina Nguyen

Recently, Large Audio Language Models (LALMs) have progressed rapidly, demonstrating their strong efficacy in universal audio understanding through cross-modal integration. To evaluate LALMs' audio understanding performance, researchers…

Sound · Computer Science 2026-02-16 Han Yin , Jung-Woo Choi

Empathy is central to human connection, yet people often struggle to express it effectively. In blinded evaluations, large language models (LLMs) generate responses that are often judged more empathic than human-written ones. Yet when a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Aakriti Kumar , Nalin Poungpeth , Diyi Yang , Bruce Lambert , Matthew Groh

Self-supervised techniques for learning speech representations have been shown to develop linguistic competence from exposure to speech without the need for human labels. In order to fully realize the potential of these approaches and…

As AI agents increasingly operate in open, real-world environments, they require a deep synergy of multimodal perception, tool invocation with multi-hop reasoning, and dynamic interaction with users. However, existing benchmarks fail to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Yunqi Liu , Tong Niu , Zitong Wang , Zhenlong Dai , Yuqi Qing , Weiqiang Wang , Jian Liu

Spoken Language Models (SLMs) aim to learn linguistic competence directly from speech using discrete units, widening access to Natural Language Processing (NLP) technologies for languages with limited written resources. However, progress…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-23 Adel Moumen , Guangzhi Sun , Philip C. Woodland

Empathetic Conversational Systems (ECS) are built to respond empathetically to the user's emotions and sentiments, regardless of the application domain. Current ECS studies evaluation approaches are restricted to offline evaluation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-29 Aravind Sesagiri Raamkumar , Siyuan Brandon Loh