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The dataset distributions in offline reinforcement learning (RL) often exhibit complex and multi-modal distributions, necessitating expressive policies to capture such distributions beyond widely-used Gaussian policies. To handle such…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-23 Jongseong Chae , Jongeui Park , Yongjae Shin , Gyeongmin Kim , Seungyul Han , Youngchul Sung

Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) has recently emerged as a promising framework for improving reasoning abilities in Large Language Models (LLMs). However, policy optimized with binary verification prone to overlook…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Jinghao Zhang , Naishan Zheng , Ruilin Li , Dongzhou Cheng , Zheming Liang , Feng Zhao , Jiaqi Wang

Learning a predictive model of the mean return, or value function, plays a critical role in many reinforcement learning algorithms. Distributional reinforcement learning (DRL) has been shown to improve performance by modeling the value…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Ju-Seung Byun , Andrew Perrault

Estimating the expectation of a real-valued function of a random variable from sample data is a critical aspect of statistical analysis, with far-reaching implications in various applications. Current methodologies typically assume…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-18 Paweł Lorek , Rafał Nowak , Rafał Topolnicki , Tomasz Trzciński , Maciej Zięba , Aleksandra Krystecka

Recent advancements in reinforcement learning (RL) have achieved great success in fine-tuning diffusion-based generative models. However, fine-tuning continuous flow-based generative models to align with arbitrary user-defined reward…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-11 Jiajun Fan , Shuaike Shen , Chaoran Cheng , Yuxin Chen , Chumeng Liang , Ge Liu

We study behavior-regularized reinforcement learning (RL), where regularization toward a reference distribution (the dataset in offline RL or the base model in LLM RL finetuning) is essential to prevent value over-optimization caused by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-17 Haoran Xu , Kaiwen Hu , Somayeh Sojoudi , Amy Zhang

Reinforcement learning (RL) is a powerful machine learning technique that enables an intelligent agent to learn an optimal policy that maximizes the cumulative rewards in sequential decision making. Most of methods in the existing…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-01-06 Chengchun Shi , Zhengling Qi , Jianing Wang , Fan Zhou

Mathematical reasoning problems are among the most challenging, as they typically require an understanding of fundamental laws to solve. The laws are universal, but the derivation of the final answer changes depending on how a problem is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-29 Ryoichi Takase , Masaya Tsunokake , Yuta Tsuchiya , Shota Inuzuka

Generative Flow Networks (GFlowNets) are a new family of probabilistic samplers where an agent learns a stochastic policy for generating complex combinatorial structure through a series of decision-making steps. Despite being inspired from…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-20 Dinghuai Zhang , Ling Pan , Ricky T. Q. Chen , Aaron Courville , Yoshua Bengio

With the increasing penetration of renewable energy sources, growing demand variability, and evolving grid control strategies, accurate and efficient load modeling has become a critical yet challenging task. Traditional methods, such as…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-03-11 Ding Lin , Han Guo , Jianhui Wang , Meng Yue , Tianqiao Zhao

Reinforcement learning (RL) is a fundamental methodology in autonomous driving systems, where generative policies exhibit considerable potential by leveraging their ability to model complex distributions to enhance exploration. However,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-04 Tianze Zhu , Yinuo Wang , Wenjun Zou , Tianyi Zhang , Likun Wang , Letian Tao , Feihong Zhang , Yao Lyu , Shengbo Eben Li

Diffusion and flow matching policies offer expressive, multimodal action modeling, yet they are frequently unstable in online reinforcement learning (RL) due to intractable likelihoods and gradients propagating through long sampling chains.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Chubin Zhang , Zhenglin Wan , Feng Chen , Fuchao Yang , Lang Feng , Yaxin Zhou , Xingrui Yu , Yang You , Ivor Tsang , Bo An

Reinforcement learning (RL) has emerged as a promising paradigm for enhancing image editing and text-to-image (T2I) generation. However, current reward models, which act as critics during RL, often suffer from hallucinations and assign…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-13 Xiangyu Zhao , Peiyuan Zhang , Junming Lin , Tianhao Liang , Yuchen Duan , Shengyuan Ding , Changyao Tian , Yuhang Zang , Junchi Yan , Xue Yang

An emerging field of sequential decision problems is safe Reinforcement Learning (RL), where the objective is to maximize the reward while obeying safety constraints. Being able to handle constraints is essential for deploying RL agents in…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-03-08 Nick Bührer , Zhejun Zhang , Alexander Liniger , Fisher Yu , Luc Van Gool

Reinforcement learning (RL) plays a central role in improving the reasoning and alignment of large language models, yet its efficiency critically depends on how training data are selected. Existing online selection strategies predominantly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Xinyu Zhou , Boyu Zhu , Haotian Zhang , Huiming Wang , Zhijiang Guo

Generative models can produce nonsensical text, unrealistic images, and unstable materials faster than simulation or human review can absorb; without per-sample confidence, trust erodes. Existing fixes run $k$ ensembles or stochastic…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-05-19 Friso de Kruiff , Dario Coscia , Max Welling , Erik Bekkers

The integration of reinforcement learning (RL) into large language models (LLMs) has opened new opportunities for recommender systems by eliciting reasoning and improving user preference modeling. However, RL-based LLM recommendation faces…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-02-05 Lin Wang , Yang Zhang , Jingfan Chen , Xiaoyan Zhao , Fengbin Zhu , Qing Li , Tat-Seng Chua

Unlike standard expected-return Reinforcement Learning (RL), Distributional RL (DRL) models the full return distribution, making it better-suited for uncertainty-aware and risk-sensitive decision-making. Conditional Flow Matching (CFM)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Michael Groom , Victor-Alexandru Darvariu , Lars Kunze , James Wilson , Nick Hawes

Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) improves multimodal reasoning by rewarding verifiable final answers. Yet answer-correct trajectories may still rely on incomplete derivations, weak evidence, or statements that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Mengzhao Jia , Zhihan Zhang , Meng Jiang

Flow matching has recently emerged as a promising alternative to diffusion-based generative models, offering faster sampling and simpler training by learning continuous flows governed by ordinary differential equations. Despite growing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Mudit Gaur , Prashant Trivedi , Shuchin Aeron , Amrit Singh Bedi , George K. Atia , Vaneet Aggarwal