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Large language models (LLMs) are used to generate content for a wide range of tasks, and are set to reach a growing audience in coming years due to integration in product interfaces like ChatGPT or search engines like Bing. This intensifies…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-03-10 Hannah Rose Kirk , Bertie Vidgen , Paul Röttger , Scott A. Hale

Aligning large language models (LLMs) with human preferences has been recognized as the key to improving LLMs' interaction quality. However, in this pluralistic world, human preferences can be diversified due to annotators' different…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-10-08 Dun Zeng , Yong Dai , Pengyu Cheng , Longyue Wang , Tianhao Hu , Wanshun Chen , Nan Du , Zenglin Xu

As AI-based code generation becomes widespread, researchers are investigating the calibration of code LLMs - ensuring their confidence scores faithfully represent the true likelihood of code correctness. To do so, we investigate…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-12-10 Viola Campos , Robin Kuschnereit , Adrian Ulges

In typical machine learning systems, an estimate of the probability of the prediction is used to assess the system's confidence in the prediction. This confidence measure is usually uncalibrated; i.e.\ the system's confidence in the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-05-24 Shehzaad Dhuliawala , Leonard Adolphs , Rajarshi Das , Mrinmaya Sachan

Recent advancements in large language models (LLMs) on language modeling and emergent capabilities make them a promising reference-free evaluator of natural language generation quality, and a competent alternative to human evaluation.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-09-26 Yuxuan Liu , Tianchi Yang , Shaohan Huang , Zihan Zhang , Haizhen Huang , Furu Wei , Weiwei Deng , Feng Sun , Qi Zhang

Uncertainty in probabilistic classifiers predictions is a key concern when models are used to support human decision making, in broader probabilistic pipelines or when sensitive automatic decisions have to be taken. Studies have shown that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-09 Nicolas Posocco , Antoine Bonnefoy

Model calibration aims to align confidence with prediction correctness. The Cross-Entropy (CE) loss is widely used for calibrator training, which enforces the model to increase confidence on the ground truth class. However, we find the CE…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-02-13 Yuchi Liu , Lei Wang , Yuli Zou , James Zou , Liang Zheng

This paper proposes the use of "multicalibration" to yield interpretable and reliable confidence scores for outputs generated by large language models (LLMs). Multicalibration asks for calibration not just marginally, but simultaneously…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-04-09 Gianluca Detommaso , Martin Bertran , Riccardo Fogliato , Aaron Roth

Large Language Models (LLMs) show remarkable proficiency in natural language tasks, yet their frequent overconfidence-misalignment between predicted confidence and true correctness-poses significant risks in critical decision-making…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-15 Prateek Chhikara

Integrated Development Environments (IDEs) have become central to modern software development, especially with the integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) to enhance programming efficiency and decision-making. The study of in-IDE…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-01-23 Agnia Sergeyuk , Sergey Titov , Maliheh Izadi

Sequence generation models are increasingly being used to translate natural language into programs, i.e. to perform executable semantic parsing. The fact that semantic parsing aims to predict programs that can lead to executed actions in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-07-10 Elias Stengel-Eskin , Benjamin Van Durme

Recent advances in natural language processing (NLP) have opened up greater opportunities to enable fine-tuned large language models (LLMs) to behave as more powerful interactive agents through improved instruction-following ability.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-27 Jerry Huang , Peng Lu , Qiuhao Zeng

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive capabilities in various reasoning tasks, aided by techniques like chain-of-thought prompting that elicits verbalized reasoning. However, LLMs often generate text with obvious…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-12-06 Zhihui Xie , Jizhou Guo , Tong Yu , Shuai Li

LLMs enable qualitative coding at large scale, but assessing reliability remains challenging where human experts seldom agree. We investigate confidence-diversity calibration as a quality assessment framework for accessible coding tasks…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-19 Zhilong Zhao , Yindi Liu

Uncertainty quantification is essential for assessing the reliability and trustworthiness of modern AI systems. Among existing approaches, verbalized uncertainty, where models express their confidence through natural language, has emerged…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Weihao Xuan , Qingcheng Zeng , Heli Qi , Junjue Wang , Naoto Yokoya

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used in social science as scalable measurement tools for converting unstructured text into variables that can enter standard empirical designs. Measurement validity demands more than high…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Jinyuan Wang , Ningyuan Deng , Yi Yang

In many applications, it is desirable that a classifier not only makes accurate predictions, but also outputs calibrated posterior probabilities. However, many existing classifiers, especially deep neural network classifiers, tend to be…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-06-24 Xingchen Ma , Matthew B. Blaschko

Producing trustworthy and reliable Large Language Models (LLMs) has become increasingly important as their usage becomes more widespread. Calibration seeks to achieve this by improving the alignment between the model's confidence and the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Glenn Zhang , Treasure Mayowa , Jason Fan , Yicheng Fu , Aaron Sandoval , Sean O'Brien , Kevin Zhu

Analyzing classification model performance is a crucial task for machine learning practitioners. While practitioners often use count-based metrics derived from confusion matrices, like accuracy, many applications, such as weather…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2022-07-29 Peter Xenopoulos , Joao Rulff , Luis Gustavo Nonato , Brian Barr , Claudio Silva

Reliable probability estimates are critical in many machine learning applications, yet modern classifiers are often poorly calibrated. Post-hoc calibration provides a simple and widely used solution, but the large number of proposed…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Eugène Berta , David Holzmüller , Francis Bach , Michael I. Jordan