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We study optimization problems where the objective function is modeled through feedforward neural networks with rectified linear unit (ReLU) activation. Recent literature has explored the use of a single neural network to model either…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-11 Keliang Wang , Leonardo Lozano , Carlos Cardonha , David Bergman

The training dynamics of linear networks are well studied in two distinct setups: the lazy regime and balanced/active regime, depending on the initialization and width of the network. We provide a surprisingly simple unifying formula for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-31 Zhenfeng Tu , Santiago Aranguri , Arthur Jacot

Learning automatically the best activation function for the task is an active topic in neural network research. At the moment, despite promising results, it is still difficult to determine a method for learning an activation function that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-10-29 Andrea Apicella , Francesco Isgrò , Roberto Prevete

Mixed-precision quantization of efficient networks often suffer from activation instability encountered in the exploration of bit selections. To address this problem, we propose a novel method called MetaMix which consists of bit selection…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-10 Han-Byul Kim , Joo Hyung Lee , Sungjoo Yoo , Hong-Seok Kim

Recent research has found that the activation function (AF) selected for adding non-linearity into the output can have a big impact on how effectively deep learning networks perform. Developing activation functions that can adapt…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2023-06-06 Ashish Rajanand , Pradeep Singh

Activation functions play a key role in providing remarkable performance in deep neural networks, and the rectified linear unit (ReLU) is one of the most widely used activation functions. Various new activation functions and improvements on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-08-27 Yang Liu , Jianpeng Zhang , Chao Gao , Jinghua Qu , Lixin Ji

Many neural network architectures rely on the choice of the activation function for each hidden layer. Given the activation function, the neural network is trained over the bias and the weight parameters. The bias catches the center of the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-10-01 Farnoush Farhadi , Vahid Partovi Nia , Andrea Lodi

In the current research of neural networks, the activation function is manually specified by human and not able to change themselves during training. This paper focus on how to make the activation function trainable for deep neural…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-06-08 Zhaohe Liao

A general procedure for introducing parametric, learned, nonlinearity into activation functions is found to enhance the accuracy of representative neural networks without requiring significant additional computational resources. Examples…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-14 David Yevick

The performance of deep network learning strongly depends on the choice of the non-linear activation function associated with each neuron. However, deciding on the best activation is non-trivial, and the choice depends on the architecture,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-02-05 Alejandro Molina , Patrick Schramowski , Kristian Kersting

Learning activation functions has emerged as a promising direction in deep learning, allowing networks to adapt activation mechanisms to task-specific demands. In this work, we introduce a novel framework that employs the Gumbel-Softmax…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Ramnath Kumar , Kyle Ritscher , Junmin Judy , Lawrence Liu , Cho-Jui Hsieh

Deep neural networks (DNNs) are widely studied in various applications. A DNN consists of layers of neurons that compute affine combinations, apply nonlinear operations, and produce corresponding activations. The rectified linear unit…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-13 Navid Aftabi , Nima Moradi , Fatemeh Mahroo

The training process of ReLU neural networks often exhibits complicated nonlinear phenomena. The nonlinearity of models and non-convexity of loss pose significant challenges for theoretical analysis. Therefore, most previous theoretical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-29 Mingze Wang , Chao Ma

Elements of neural networks, both biological and artificial, can be described by their selectivity for specific cognitive features. Understanding these features is important for understanding the inner workings of neural networks. For a…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Nikita Pospelov , Andrei Chertkov , Maxim Beketov , Ivan Oseledets , Konstantin Anokhin

Activation functions are critical components in deep neural networks, directly influencing gradient flow, training stability, and model performance. Traditional functions like ReLU suffer from dead neuron problems, while sigmoid and tanh…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-31 Sergii Kavun

Spiking activity of neurons engaged in learning and performing a task show complex spatiotemporal dynamics. While the output of recurrent network models can learn to perform various tasks, the possible range of recurrent dynamics that…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2018-08-21 Christopher Kim , Carson Chow

In spite of finite dimension ReLU neural networks being a consistent factor behind recent deep learning successes, a theory of feature learning in these models remains elusive. Currently, insightful theories still rely on assumptions…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-01 Devon Jarvis , Richard Klein , Benjamin Rosman , Andrew M. Saxe

We introduce stochastic activations. This novel strategy randomly selects between several non-linear functions in the feed-forward layer of a large language model. In particular, we choose between SILU or RELU depending on a Bernoulli draw.…

Deep learning researchers have a keen interest in proposing two new novel activation functions which can boost network performance. A good choice of activation function can have significant consequences in improving network performance. A…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-04-12 Koushik Biswas , Sandeep Kumar , Shilpak Banerjee , Ashish Kumar Pandey

Deep networks are gradually penetrating almost every domain in our lives due to their amazing success. However, with substantive performance accuracy improvements comes the price of \emph{irreproducibility}. Two identical models, trained on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-12-02 Gil I. Shamir , Dong Lin , Lorenzo Coviello